Table 3. Associations of service use with remission over time in a mixed-effects logistic random intercept model.

Variablea	Estimate	SE	p
Intercept	.922	.373	.014
Time to follow-up	−.231	.063	<.001
Time to follow-up squared	.021	.008	.006
Female (1=yes)	.319	.147	.030
Age (years)	.013	.007	.052
Employed at treatment entry (1=yes)	−.263	.148	.075
Completed index substance abuse treatment (1=yes)	.939	.157	<.001
Marital status at follow-ups (1=married or living as married)	.372	.121	.002
Lagged ASI scale score >0 at prior time point (1=yes)
Alcohol	−1.075	.129	<.001
Drug	−.187	.131	.156
Psychiatric	.104	.130	.423
Medical	−.013	.110	.910
Readmission to substance abuse treatment at follow-up (1=yes)	.229	.325	.481
Interaction term of substance abuse treatment readmission and lagged drug ASI score >0	.240	.327	.464
Interaction term of substance abuse treatment readmission and lagged alcohol ASI score >0	.704	.361	.051
Regular primary care at follow-ups (1=yearly primary care)	.332	.117	.005
Psychiatric services at follow-ups (1= ≥2 psychiatric visits)	−.619	.269	.022
Interaction term of psychiatric services and lagged psychiatric ASI score >0	.513	.308	.097
Standard deviation of the random effect	1.509	.111	<.001

^aASI, Addiction Severity Index