Table 1.
Characteristics of Studies Included in the Meta-analysis
| Reference, study location | No. of participants | No. of cases | Follow-up years | Male (%) | Baseline age | Depression Measures | Stroke Measures | Baseline stroke excluded? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vogt et al,19 1994; United States | 2573 | NA | 15 (1970/71–1985) | 46 | Range ≥18; mean <65 | A depression index, top tertile vs. bottom tertile | Medical records & death certificates | Yes |
| Wassertheil-Smoller et al,20 1996; United States | 4367 | 204 | Mean 4.5 (1985–1990) | 44 | Range ≥60; mean 72 | 20-item CES-D ≥16 | Medical records | No |
| Everson et al,21 1998; United States | 6676 | 169 | 29 (1965–1983) | 46 | Range 16–94; mean 43 | 18-item HPLDS ≥5 | Death certificates | Yes |
| Simons et al,16 1998; Australia | 2805 | 306 | Median 8.2 (1988–1997) | 44 | Range ≥60; mean ≥65 | CESD, Top tertile vs. bottom tertile | Medical recordsa | No |
| Whooley and Browner,17 1998; United States | 7518 | 94 | Mean 6 (1988/90–1995) | 0 | Range ≥ 67; mean 72 | 15-item GDS ≥6 | Medical records | No |
| Jonas and Mussolino,22 2000; United States | 6095 | 483 | Mean 16 (1971/75–1992) | 40–50 | Range 25–74; mean 49 | GWB-D, score 0–12 | Hospital records & death certificates | Yes |
| Larson et al,23 2001; United States | 1703 | 95 | Mean 13 (1980/83–1993/96) | 38 | Range ≥18; mean <65 | DIS-diagnosed MDD | Self-report & death certificates | Yes |
| Ohira et al,24 2001; Japan | 879 | 69 | Mean 10.3 (1985–1996) | 35 | Range 40–78; mean <65 | 20-item Zung’s SDS, top tertile vs. bottom tertile | Register database & death certificates | Yes |
| Ostir et al,25 2001; United States | 2478 | 340 | 6 (1986–1992) | 31 | Range ≥ 65; mean ≥65 | Modified 20-item CES-D ≥9 | Self-report & death certificates | Yes |
| May et al,26 2002; United Kingdom | 2124 | 130 | 14 (1984/88–1998) | 100 | Range 45–59; mean <65 | 30-item GHQ ≥5 | Medical records | Yes |
| Yasuda et al,27 2002; Japan | 817 | 20 | 7.5 (1991–1998) | 39 | Range 65–84; mean 72 | 30-item GHQ, depression subscale, ≥1 standard score | Death certificates | No |
| Wassertheil-Smoller et al,28 2004; United States | 93676 | 751 | Mean 4.1 (1993/98–2000) | 0 | Range 50–79 mean <65 | 6-item CES-D ≥5, self-reported depression history | Self-report & Medical records | No |
| Gump et al,29 2005; United States | 11216 | 167 | Median 18.4 (1979/81–1999) | 100 | Range 35–57; mean 46 | 20-item CES-D ≥16 | Death certificates | Yes |
| Avendano et al,30 2006; United States | 2812 | 270 | 12 (1982–1994) | 42 | Range ≥65; mean ≥65 | 20-item CES-D ≥21 | Self-report & Medical records | Yes |
| Stürmer et al,31 2006; Germany | 3920 | 62 | Median 8.5 (1992/95–2002/03) | 48 | Range 40–65; mean 53 | Standardized personality questionnaires, top tertile vs. medium tertile | Medical records & death certificates | Yes |
| Arbelaez et al,32 2007; United States | 5525 | 611 | Median 11 (1989–2000) | 42 | Range ≥65; mean 73 | 10-item CESD ≥9 | Self-report & Medical records | Yes |
| Kawamura et al,33 2007; Japan | 535 | 103 | Mean 6.3 (1985–2000) | 40 | Range ≥65; mean ≥65 | SDS or modified version, and physician diagnosis | Death certificates | Yes |
| Salaycik et al,34 2007; United States | 4120 | 228 | Mean 8 (1990/98–1998/2006) | 46 | Range ≥29; mean 64 | 20-item CESD ≥16; OR ADM use | Medical recordsa | Yes |
| Bos et al,35 2008; The Netherland | 4424 | 291 | Mean 5.8 (1997/99–2005) | 40 | Range ≥61; mean 72 | 20-item CES-D ≥16 | Medical records | Yes |
| Lee et al,36 2008; Taiwan, China | 4962 | 98 | Mean 5 (1998–2003) | 44 | Range 18–44; mean <65 | Physician diagnosis | Medical records | Yes |
| Liebetrau et al,37 2008; Sweden | 401 | 56 | Mean 3 (1986/87–1989/90) | 30 | All 85-year-old | DSM-III diagnosed MDD and other types of depression | Self-report & medical records | Yes |
| Surtees et al,38 2008; United Kingdom | 20627 | 595 | Median 8.5 (1996/2000–2006) | 43 | Range 41–80; mean <65 | HLEQ related to DSM-IV MDD | Medical records | Yes |
| Whooley et al,39 2008; United States | 1017 | 47 | Mean 4.8 (2000/02–2008) | 80 | Mean 67 | 9-item PHQ ≥10 | Self-report & medical recordsa | No |
| Wouts et al,40 2008; The Netherland | 2965 | 176 | Mean 7.7 (1992/93–2001/02) | 48 | Range ≥55; mean 71 | CESD ≥16; OR DIS-diagnosed MDD | Self-report & medical records | Yes |
| Glymour et al,41 2010; United States | 19087 | 1864 | Mean 8.1 (1996–2006) | 41 | Range ≥50; mean 66 | 8-item CES-D ≥3 | Self-report | Yes |
| Nabi et al,42 2010; Finland | 23282 | 129 | 7 (1998–2005) | 41 | Range 20–54; mean <65 | 21-item BDI ≥10 | Medical records | Yes |
| Peters et al,43 2010; International | 2656 | 97 | Mean 2.1 (2001/07–2007) | 39 | Range ≥80; Mean ≥65 | 15-item GDS ≥6 | Self-report & medical records | No |
| Pan et al,18 2011; United States | 80574 | 1033 | Mean 6 (2000–2006) | 0 | Range 54–79; mean 66 | MHI-5 ≤52; OR self-reported diagnosis; OR ADM use | Self-report & medical records & death certificates | Yes |
Abbreviations: ADM: antidepressant medication; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; CES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; DIS: diagnostic interview schedule; DSM: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; GHQ, General Health Questionnaire; GWB-D, General Well-Being Schedule-Depressed Mood Scale; HLEQ, Health and Life Experiences Questionnaire; HPLDS, Human Population Laboratory Depression Scale; LMHI, Langner Mental Health Index; MDD: major depressive disorder; MHI-5, five-item Mental Health Index; SDS, Zung’s Self-Rating Depression Scale;
a
The outcome for this study is stroke plus transient ischemic attack.