Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jan 3.
Published in final edited form as: J Biomech. 2011 Oct 22;45(1):66–75. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.10.004

Table 4.

Regression coefficients for estimating muscle ACSA and moment arms using Equation 2. Coefficients in bold are significant (p < 0.05), and R2 values in bold indicate significant regressions (p < 0.05). The regression coefficients for shaded levels (T6, T12, L1) were estimated by scaling the coefficients from the adjacent level. SEE = standard error of the estimate.

ACSA MA-X MA-Y
CI CS CA CH CM SEE (cm2) R2 CI CS CA CH CM SEE (cm) R2 CI CS CA CH CM SEE (cm) R2
Pectoralis Major
T6 12.45 −3.26 −4.66E-2 −1.31E-2 −2.41E-3 - - 1.75 0.15 4.28E-3 9.18E-3 5.07E-3 - - 4.80 −1.13 2.34E-2 6.39E-3 3.72E-2 - -
T7 8.43 −2.21 −3.15E-2 −8.85E-3 −1.63E-3 1.27 0.43 1.81 0.15 4.42E-3 9.48E-3 5.24E-3 0.44 0.08 4.90 −1.15 2.39E-2 6.53E-3 3.80E-2 0.89 0.62
T8 −1.74 −0.71 −4.93E-3 3.41E-2 −1.12E-2 0.88 0.29 0.42 −2.03E-2 1.18E-2 1.13E-2 1.64E-2 0.69 0.23 3.48 −0.81 2.17E-2 1.52E-2 3.93E-2 1.00 0.54
T9 4.80 −0.85 −4.53E-3 −1.78E-2 1.13E-2 0.72 0.25 1.39 −0.66 5.48E-3 1.65E-2 1.61E-3 0.88 0.23 7.25 −0.93 1.73E-2 −4.98E-3 3.95E-2 0.96 0.49
Rectus Abdominis
T10 14.15 −2.15 −2.21E-2 −7.85E-2 6.94E-2 1.86 0.33 −2.07 −0.29 6.79E-3 4.15E-2 −3.12E-4 1.25 0.14 13.97 −1.54 1.72E-2 −3.72E-2 9.76E-2 1.37 0.59
T11 8.37 −1.75 −7.36E-3 −4.11E-2 7.49E-2 2.12 0.28 6.38 −0.71 −5.97E-3 −1.98E-2 3.22E-2 0.81 0.30 19.45 −1.49 4.53E-3 −8.00E-2 1.32E-1 1.41 0.58
T12 8.33 −1.74 −7.32E-3 −4.09E-2 7.45E-2 - - 6.48 −0.72 −6.06E-3 −2.01E-2 3.27E-2 - - 18.38 −1.41 4.28E-3 −7.56E-2 1.24E-1 - -
L1 0.50 −1.80 −7.93E-3 1.98E-2 4.04E-2 - - −1.67 −0.23 1.46E-2 2.40E-2 2.33E-2 - - 10.85 −1.56 −6.16E-3 −2.25E-2 9.72E-2 - -
L2 0.50 −1.79 −7.89E-3 1.97E-2 4.02E-2 1.36 0.52 −1.69 −0.23 1.49E-2 2.43E-2 2.37E-2 0.61 0.51 9.90 −1.43 −5.62E-3 −2.06E-2 8.87E-2 1.71 0.44
L3 6.33 −2.11 −4.13E-2 −4.50E-3 5.13E-2 1.39 0.58 1.49 1.02E-2 5.43E-3 2.48E-3 3.33E-2 0.62 0.37 6.38 −1.46 2.39E-2 −3.08E-2 1.19E-1 1.61 0.59
L4 1.96 −1.47 −2.37E-2 1.26E-2 4.86E-2 1.33 0.55 −1.15 0.25 1.32E-2 1.13E-2 4.10E-2 0.69 0.47 4.78 −1.36 4.27E-2 −2.91E-2 1.13E-1 1.51 0.64
L5 5.25E-2 −1.45 −3.68E-2 2.44E-2 6.83E-2 1.41 0.65 −1.40 0.44 1.61E-2 1.12E-2 3.47E-2 0.71 0.36 6.21 −1.45 4.74E-2 −2.95E-2 9.29E-2 1.48 0.62
Serratus Anterior
T6 5.89 −1.87 −2.25E-2 −2.79E-2 7.02E-2 - - 3.01 −0.24 −2.59E-3 1.52E-2 1.26E-2 - - 1.29 −0.39 8.47E-3 −2.51E-3 1.62E-2 - -
T7 6.41 −2.03 −2.44E-2 −3.03E-2 7.64E-2 1.11 0.70 3.03 −0.24 −2.61E-3 1.53E-2 1.27E-2 0.29 0.67 1.44 −0.43 9.44E-3 −2.80E-3 1.81E-2 0.55 0.39
T8 9.36 −2.03 −1.87E-2 −4.16E-2 6.73E-2 1.24 0.58 3.92 −0.41 −4.19E-3 1.22E-2 1.19E-2 0.30 0.68 4.21 −0.61 7.86E-3 −1.90E-2 2.12E-2 0.59 0.37
T9 7.77 −2.12 −2.40E-2 −1.78E-2 4.08E-2 1.07 0.62 3.62 −0.44 −4.41E-3 1.43E-2 1.27E-2 0.30 0.71 5.31 −0.57 1.31E-2 −2.71E-2 1.77E-2 0.65 0.26
T10 −5.06 −0.79 2.81E-3 4.92E-2 1.24E-2 1.37 0.31 4.35 −0.45 −4.00E-3 9.20E-3 1.60E-2 0.33 0.66 7.17 −0.32 4.68E-3 −4.35E-2 3.37E-2 0.72 0.25
T11 −5.30 8.54E-2 2.82E-3 4.26E-2 3.91E-4 1.11 0.11 3.41 −0.58 2.91E-3 1.46E-2 1.19E-2 0.31 0.75 9.71 −0.29 2.97E-3 −6.79E-2 6.19E-2 0.93 0.28
Trapezius
T6 10.44 −1.92 −4.62E-2 −3.42E-2 4.51E-2 - - 5.15 −0.54 −8.91E-3 −9.52E-3 9.19E-3 - - −2.09 0.15 7.61E-3 −9.22E-3 −1.35E-2 - -
T7 7.62 −1.40 −3.38E-2 −2.49E-2 3.29E-2 1.20 0.40 4.21 −0.44 −7.29E-3 −7.79E-3 7.52E-3 0.65 0.13 −2.05 0.15 7.49E-3 −9.06E-3 −1.33E-2 0.24 0.68
T8 5.12 −0.92 −2.10E-2 −1.53E-2 1.97E-2 0.78 0.38 5.02 −0.46 −4.02E-3 −1.57E-2 5.94E-3 0.57 0.10 −2.74 0.23 6.92E-3 −6.32E-3 −1.18E-2 0.27 0.60
T9 4.98 −0.65 −9.99E-3 −2.23E-2 1.61E-2 0.69 0.22 3.18 −0.32 −1.23E-3 −8.01E-3 5.01E-3 0.53 0.08 −2.60 0.28 7.50E-3 −8.56E-3 −1.14E-2 0.27 0.65
T10 2.57 −0.38 −4.76E-3 −1.21E-2 1.19E-2 0.56 0.16 5.59 −0.56 −1.32E-3 −2.38E-2 9.79E-3 0.71 0.09 −1.39 0.16 3.48E-3 −1.51E-2 −1.04E-2 0.32 0.53
T11 −2.64 0.23 3.10E-3 1.44E-2 8.72E-3 0.36 0.20 1.41 −0.43 3.30E-2 −7.14E-3 2.28E-4 0.71 0.33 0.70 0.21 −6.86E-3 −3.43E-2 1.14E-2 0.45 0.34
Latissimus Dorsi
T6 4.71 −0.97 −1.53E-2 −1.16E-2 5.07E-2 - - 4.41 0.14 −1.65E-2 6.66E-2 5.25E-3 - - −8.78 1.61 3.67E-2 6.67E-2 −4.41E-2 - -
T7 6.97 −1.43 −2.26E-2 −1.71E-2 7.50E-2 2.06 0.34 3.93 0.12 −1.48E-2 5.94E-2 4.68E-3 1.03 0.27 −4.60 0.84 1.92E-2 3.49E-2 −2.31E-2 1.35 0.10
T8 −1.08 −2.62 −4.39E-2 6.92E-2 4.02E-2 1.78 0.59 9.27 −0.94 −1.22E-2 1.74E-2 1.81E-2 0.78 0.47 1.75 −0.49 1.11E-2 −1.38E-2 6.57E-3 1.03 0.07
T9 12.17 −3.90 −2.99E-2 −2.18E-2 5.87E-2 1.82 0.61 7.39 −0.83 −7.24E-3 2.38E-2 1.34E-2 0.62 0.57 0.36 −9.16E-2 1.26E-2 −7.32E-3 −4.52E-3 0.85 0.05
T10 −3.05 −1.88 −5.15E-3 3.89E-2 7.60E-2 1.41 0.68 10.58 −0.80 −2.20E-2 −2.18E-4 2.92E-2 0.63 0.56 2.76 2.05E-2 −2.55E-3 −2.46E-2 3.43E-3 0.83 0.06
T11 −3.92 −1.46 3.07E-3 3.82E-2 6.84E-2 1.13 0.72 8.04 −0.84 −1.12E-2 1.54E-2 1.28E-2 0.62 0.55 8.82 −0.16 −1.09E-2 −6.91E-2 2.44E-2 0.88 0.18
T12 −3.21 −1.19 2.51E-3 3.12E-2 5.59E-2 - - 7.68 −0.81 −1.07E-2 1.47E-2 1.22E-2 - - 12.31 −0.23 −1.52E-2 −9.64E-2 3.41E-2 - -
L1 8.16 −1.42 −7.32E-3 −3.16E-2 3.53E-2 - - −3.81 −9.06E-2 5.09E-3 6.96E-2 2.03E-2 - - −2.73 0.36 −1.28E-2 −1.53E-3 2.95E-3 - -
L2 5.69 −0.99 −5.11E-3 −2.21E-2 2.46E-2 1.20 0.19 −3.74 −8.90E-2 4.99E-3 6.83E-2 1.99E-2 0.78 0.57 −3.01 0.39 −1.41E-2 −1.69E-3 3.25E-3 0.86 0.10
L3 3.23 −0.47 1.52E-2 −1.77E-2 1.34E-2 1.09 0.10 7.55 −0.31 9.34E-3 −6.02E-3 3.47E-2 0.82 0.36 4.25 6.82E-2 −1.42E-2 −4.60E-2 9.54E-3 0.86 0.18
External Oblique
T10 0.37 −0.29 −2.77E-3 −2.05E-3 1.99E-2 0.63 0.26 2.29 −1.02 −1.07E-2 4.63E-2 1.19E-2 1.35 0.35 15.33 −1.49 9.99E-3 −5.94E-2 8.52E-2 1.54 0.46
T11 9.18 −0.93 −1.29E-2 −4.10E-2 8.65E-3 0.58 0.25 13.07 −1.48 −1.37E-2 −2.55E-2 4.33E-2 1.26 0.41 10.36 −0.66 2.51E-2 −4.69E-2 1.01E-1 1.35 0.55
T12 16.88 −1.71 −2.37E-2 −7.54E-2 1.59E-2 - - 13.81 −1.57 −1.45E-2 −2.70E-2 4.58E-2 - - 8.58 −0.55 2.08E-2 −3.89E-2 8.39E-2 - -
L1 2.77 −1.52 −9.50E-3 −2.63E-3 5.77E-2 - - 4.76 −0.72 8.75E-3 1.96E-2 4.70E-2 - - 3.87 −0.31 9.83E-3 1.79E-2 −1.48E-2 - -
L2 3.69 −2.02 −1.26E-2 −3.51E-3 7.68E-2 1.61 0.53 4.90 −0.75 9.01E-3 2.02E-2 4.84E-2 0.64 0.72 2.40 −0.19 6.11E-3 1.11E-2 −9.17E-3 1.41 0.02
L3 1.36 −2.24 −1.82E-2 2.01E-2 6.79E-2 1.43 0.64 5.30 −0.35 1.84E-2 4.84E-3 6.52E-2 0.64 0.72 3.37 −0.40 4.41E-3 −1.79E-2 2.79E-2 1.23 0.09
L4 −2.16 −1.84 1.07E-3 3.41E-2 6.33E-2 1.54 0.60 3.19 −0.10 2.28E-2 1.65E-2 5.44E-2 0.54 0.75 3.91 −0.68 −8.38E-3 −1.01E-2 1.13E-2 0.77 0.20
L5 0.84 −0.42 1.87E-2 −7.58E-3 4.97E-2 1.71 0.20 0.43 0.48 2.61E-2 3.34E-2 4.29E-2 0.82 0.47 4.74 −1.04 −1.88E-3 1.10E-3 1.24E-3 1.18 0.17
Internal Oblique
L2 −6.98 −1.93 6.02E-2 3.66E-2 3.98E-2 2.30 0.36 4.50 −0.99 4.55E-3 1.71E-2 4.86E-2 0.68 0.76 9.30 −5.93E-2 1.07E-2 −3.60E-2 1.73E-2 1.60 0.04
L3 26.66 −4.71 −5.22E-2 −1.12E-1 6.86E-2 1.92 0.59 1.63 −2.64E-2 1.74E-2 2.30E-2 5.50E-2 0.75 0.60 −4.41 0.15 1.77E-2 2.03E-2 3.67E-2 1.28 0.18
L4 −2.67 −2.71 2.20E-2 3.33E-2 7.53E-2 1.89 0.63 0.26 0.32 3.20E-2 2.96E-2 5.74E-2 0.77 0.64 2.58 −0.73 −7.81E-3 −4.98E-3 3.44E-2 1.00 0.36
L5 0.45 −0.73 1.47E-2 −1.20E-2 8.72E-2 1.98 0.36 −0.43 0.74 3.32E-2 3.84E-2 3.60E-2 0.96 0.35 2.74 −1.18 4.36E-3 9.83E-3 2.12E-2 1.15 0.38
Psoas Major
L1 −0.90 −0.63 −1.14E-2 1.96E-2 4.73E-3 - - −0.27 −0.20 1.59E-3 1.36E-2 4.20E-3 - - 1.92E-2 −0.21 −1.59E-3 −1.37E-3 −2.67E-3 - -
L2 −2.86 −2.00 −3.62E-2 6.21E-2 1.50E-2 1.74 0.48 −0.36 −0.27 2.11E-3 1.82E-2 5.60E-3 0.27 0.61 2.35E-2 −0.26 −1.94E-3 −1.68E-3 −3.27E-3 0.27 0.14
L3 12.01 −3.98 −7.55E-2 −2.71E-3 4.85E-2 2.28 0.57 1.22 −0.29 −1.73E-4 1.19E-2 8.16E-3 0.24 0.68 1.58 −0.42 −5.97E-3 −1.11E-2 2.58E-3 0.31 0.23
L4 14.11 −5.57 −8.36E-2 1.92E-3 7.49E-2 2.26 0.73 0.81 −0.19 9.03E-4 1.76E-2 6.92E-3 0.23 0.69 1.08 −0.38 −3.47E-4 −8.87E-3 6.77E-3 0.45 0.16
L5 8.90 −4.81 −4.72E-2 3.02E-2 4.51E-2 1.95 0.73 0.41 2.47E-2 6.80E-3 2.05E-2 7.60E-3 0.50 0.26 0.73 −0.41 1.48E-3 1.91E-3 1.34E-3 0.65 0.12
Erector Spinae
T6 3.47 −1.02 −2.90E-2 4.93E-3 2.30E-2 - - 2.70 −0.59 5.44E-3 7.74E-3 −2.07E-3 - - −1.98 7.73E-2 5.79E-3 −1.20E-2 −1.11E-2 - -
T7 3.59 −1.05 −3.00E-2 5.10E-3 2.38E-2 1.16 0.40 2.74 −0.60 5.51E-3 7.84E-3 −2.10E-3 0.56 0.28 −1.93 7.54E-2 5.65E-3 −1.17E-2 −1.08E-2 0.31 0.49
T8 3.70 −1.14 −3.40E-2 1.02E-2 2.09E-2 1.15 0.42 0.89 −0.41 2.32E-3 1.80E-2 1.22E-3 0.54 0.32 −1.49 0.13 4.48E-3 −1.59E-2 −8.38E-3 0.35 0.46
T9 6.35 −1.46 −4.30E-2 2.71E-3 1.82E-2 1.15 0.48 2.49 −0.52 2.91E-3 6.32E-3 6.92E-3 0.49 0.40 −1.58 0.21 5.66E-3 −1.77E-2 −7.28E-3 0.32 0.57
T10 1.22 −1.07 −5.14E-2 3.26E-2 4.27E-2 1.50 0.49 2.47 −0.50 −1.17E-3 7.33E-3 8.83E-3 0.43 0.48 −1.10 0.16 1.72E-3 −2.02E-2 −6.65E-3 0.37 0.46
T11 −3.09 −0.90 −5.87E-2 9.78E-2 −1.05E-2 1.59 0.48 5.10 −0.50 −3.69E-3 −1.22E-2 2.16E-2 0.42 0.51 1.40 0.17 −3.14E-3 −3.83E-2 3.44E-3 0.44 0.47
T12 −4.10 −1.19 −7.79E-2 1.30E-1 −1.39E-2 - - 5.12 −0.50 −3.70E-3 −1.22E-2 2.16E-2 - - 1.44 0.18 −3.23E-3 −3.95E-2 3.54E-3 - -
L1 −0.30 −2.26 −3.74E-2 7.42E-2 8.06E-2 - - −0.26 −0.18 2.61E-4 2.35E-2 8.07E-3 - - −1.57 0.13 −9.85E-3 −1.72E-2 −4.65E-3 - -
L2 −0.32 −2.47 −4.09E-2 8.11E-2 8.80E-2 2.48 0.57 −0.26 −0.18 2.62E-4 2.36E-2 8.09E-3 0.25 0.70 −1.63 0.14 −1.02E-2 −1.78E-2 −4.81E-3 0.41 0.37
L3 2.42 −2.90 −4.22E-2 4.61E-2 1.19E-1 3.06 0.55 1.25 −7.83E-2 2.00E-3 1.34E-2 8.67E-3 0.24 0.57 −0.83 8.75E-2 −4.59E-3 −2.47E-2 −4.72E-3 0.38 0.44
L4 4.20 −1.00 −1.97E-2 1.65E-2 6.81E-2 2.38 0.30 2.01 8.20E-2 2.38E-3 7.82E-3 5.69E-3 0.25 0.21 −1.02 7.77E-2 −1.96E-3 −1.89E-2 −2.79E-3 0.37 0.32
L5 5.97 0.26 6.66E-3 −3.05E-2 2.56E-2 1.78 0.04 1.68 0.33 4.88E-3 4.55E-3 2.77E-3 0.28 0.16 0.23 −0.11 −4.02E-3 −1.93E-2 −3.02E-3 0.33 0.26
Transversospinalis
T6 0.55 −0.46 −1.91E-2 1.65E-2 4.70E-3 - - 6.39E-2 −9.46E-2 2.97E-3 6.51E-3 −1.14E-4 - - −1.38 0.10 8.08E-4 −1.25E-2 −4.88E-3 - -
T7 0.49 −0.41 −1.69E-2 1.46E-2 4.17E-3 0.52 0.43 5.70E-2 −8.45E-2 2.65E-3 5.81E-3 −1.02E-4 0.17 0.24 −1.39 0.10 8.15E-4 −1.26E-2 −4.92E-3 0.21 0.54
T8 1.72 −0.49 −2.06E-2 1.09E-2 −2.08E-3 0.48 0.44 0.39 −7.48E-2 −1.26E-3 4.77E-3 −7.27E-4 0.15 0.21 −1.32 0.13 1.47E-3 −1.44E-2 −3.98E-3 0.21 0.58
T9 1.12 −0.30 −1.35E-2 8.96E-3 4.07E-3 0.59 0.24 0.62 −3.82E-2 −5.87E-4 1.70E-3 2.14E-3 0.15 0.15 −1.06 0.14 1.82E-3 −1.76E-2 −2.81E-3 0.22 0.61
T10 0.95 −0.44 −1.28E-2 9.66E-3 7.62E-3 0.59 0.33 0.82 −8.35E-2 2.13E-4 5.08E-4 1.65E-3 0.13 0.21 −0.34 0.10 −2.01E-3 −2.14E-2 −1.29E-3 0.26 0.51
T11 −0.96 −0.47 −3.17E-3 1.71E-2 9.92E-3 0.60 0.42 1.74 −0.22 1.01E-3 −5.87E-3 4.56E-3 0.15 0.40 0.33 0.11 −1.25E-3 −2.71E-2 1.38E-3 0.30 0.51
T12 −1.01 −0.49 −3.34E-3 1.80E-2 1.05E-2 - - 1.80 −0.23 1.04E-3 −6.05E-3 4.70E-3 - - 0.34 0.11 −1.29E-3 −2.80E-2 1.42E-3 - -
L1 −4.22 −0.69 −9.14E-3 4.88E-2 −4.75E-3 - - −0.56 −1.40E-2 2.74E-3 8.03E-3 2.21E-3 - - 0.67 2.96E-3 −9.66E-3 −2.71E-2 −1.79E-3 - -
L2 −4.94 −0.81 −1.07E-2 5.72E-2 −5.57E-3 1.06 0.39 −0.59 −1.48E-2 2.90E-3 8.48E-3 2.33E-3 0.13 0.44 0.71 3.12E-3 −1.02E-2 −2.87E-2 −1.89E-3 0.26 0.60
L3 5.24 −1.52 −1.31E-2 4.75E-3 6.72E-3 1.63 0.22 −5.55E-3 1.20E-2 4.26E-3 6.67E-3 −1.56E-4 0.20 0.14 0.95 −0.12 −8.71E-3 −3.21E-2 1.60E-4 0.32 0.43
L4 2.93 −0.74 −2.86E-2 2.78E-2 2.84E-2 1.88 0.24 0.55 5.30E-2 2.83E-3 5.06E-3 2.41E-3 0.22 0.09 −1.26 1.76E-2 −6.09E-3 −2.00E-2 −7.27E-3 0.40 0.36
L5 2.10 −0.58 −2.52E-2 3.64E-2 1.97E-2 1.68 0.24 1.34 0.22 5.07E-3 1.25E-3 2.99E-3 0.33 0.08 −0.69 −2.34E-2 −5.73E-3 −2.42E-2 −9.29E-3 0.39 0.45
Quadratus Lumborum
L1 −1.20 −0.26 −5.43E-3 1.44E-2 9.10E-4 - - −1.18 −0.21 −5.86E-4 2.93E-2 6.36E-4 - - 0.17 −1.16E-5 −5.55E-3 −1.29E-2 5.74E-3 - -
L2 −3.95 −0.84 −1.78E-2 4.71E-2 2.98E-3 0.86 0.50 −1.57 −0.28 −7.76E-4 3.87E-2 8.42E-4 0.49 0.50 0.28 −1.88E-5 −9.00E-3 −2.10E-2 9.32E-3 0.36 0.23
L3 −0.25 −1.27 −3.42E-2 3.18E-2 1.75E-2 1.06 0.56 2.48 −0.34 −4.10E-3 1.95E-2 3.78E-3 0.38 0.52 0.55 −1.34E-2 −7.70E-3 −2.55E-2 1.28E-2 0.41 0.18
L4 −3.48 −7.88E-2 −3.14E-2 4.78E-2 2.24E-2 1.49 0.28 2.55 0.21 −2.95E-3 1.74E-2 5.09E-3 0.58 0.09 0.34 −5.07E-2 −5.71E-3 −1.78E-2 4.22E-3 0.44 0.09