Table 2.
Summary of Exercise Training Studies in Patients With CKD Not Requiring Dialysis
| Study | No. (exercise vs control) | Age(y) | Kidney Function | Design | Training | Outcomes in exercise group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clyne22 | 10 vs 9 | 47 ± 8 | 15 ±7 mL/min/1.73 m2 | RCT | Increase in: max work rate, muscle strength | |
| Eidemak3 | 15 vs 15 | 44.5 | 25 (range, 10–43) mL/min/1.73m2 | RCT | 20 mo, 30 min cycling & other activities | Increase in max work capacity No change in GFR |
| Boyce4 | 8 vs 0 | 50.4 ± 6.8 | Single-subject reversal | 4 mo, 3×/wk, walking & cycling <=60 min at 70% HR | Increase in: VO2peak, vent threshold Decrease in: SBP, DBP |
|
| Heiwe23 | 16 vs 9 (older age) | 74 ±6 | 17 ± 5 mL/min | Quasi- experimental controlled | 12 wk, 3×/wk, strength training (20 reps/leg at 60% of 1RM) & 30 min low- intensity exercise | Increase in: 1RM, 6 min walk distance, “get up and go” functional mobility, dynamic & static strength No change in sickness impact on profile |
| Pechter36 | 17 vs 9 | 50 | 66.8 ± 9.1 mL/min | Quasi- experimental controlled | 12 wk, 2×/wk, low-intensity water exercise for 30 min/session | Increase in: VO2peak, peak work rate, glutathione Decrease in: lipid peroxidase, proteinuria |
| Leehey8 | 7 vs 4 (diabetic, obese) | 66 | 44 ± 36 mL/min/1.73m2 | RCT (pilot study) | 24 wk (3×/wk for 6 wk & home exercise for 18 wk), 40 min/session at 45–85% VO2peak | Increase in treadmill time No change in proteinuria |
| Mustata9 | 8 vs 10 | 68 | 27.5 mL/min/1.73m2 | RCT (pilot study) | 12 mo, 2×/wk supervised (treadmill, cycling) & 3×/wk home walking, <= 60 min at 60% VO2peak | Increase in: VO2peak, treadmill walking time, arterial augmentation index Clinically meaningful increase in HRQoL |
| Casteneda5,24; Balakrishnan25 | 14 vs 12 | 65±10 | 29.5 ± 27.4 mL/min/1.73 m2 | RCT | 12 wk, 3×/wk, 80% of 1RM | Increase in: muscle strength, type I & type II muscle fiber size, mDNA, leucine oxidation, serum prealbumin Decrease in: CRP, IL-6 |
| Toyama39 | 10 vs 9 | 71.7 ± 11 | 47.5±11.6 | Quasi- experimental controlled | 12 wk, 1×/wk supervised 30 min cycling & 30 min home walking | Increase in: ventilatory threshold, LDL cholesterol, eGFR Decrease in triglycerides |
| Gregory10 | 10 vs 11 | 55.0±11.1 | 0.65 ±0.35 mL/s/1.73 m2 | RCT | 48 wk, 3×/wk, aerobic exercise, 55 min/session at 50%-60% VO2peak; also, starting at 24 wk, 2×/wk resistance exercise (1–2 sets of 15 reps major muscle groups) | Increase in: VO2peak, treadmill time, leg strength No change in IGF-1, IGF-2, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2 |
Abbreviations: IGF-1: insulin like growth factor 1, IGF-2: insulin like growth factor 2, IGFBP-1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1; IGFBP-2; insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2; VO2:peak, peak oxygen consumption; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, 1RM, 1-repetition maximum (maximum amount of weight that can be lifted in a single repetition): RCT: randomized controlled trial, CRP: C-reactive protein, IL-6, interleukin 6; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; max, maximum; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; HRQoL, health-related quality of life; mDNA, mitochondrial DNA; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; CKD, chronic kidney disease.