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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Epilepsy Res. 2011 Aug 30;100(3):229–238. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.07.014

Table 1.

Predicted and observed effects of the ketogenic diet in mice.

Mouse Model A1R Expression Predicted change in seizure frequency Observed change in seizure frequency Glucose-induced change in seizure frequency
Wild-type: (C57/BL6) unaltered n/a (no seizures) n/a no change
Transgenic: Adk-tg unaltered robust Suppression 88% decrease (p<0.001) reversed to 85% of baseline (p<0.001)
Transgenic: A1R+/− 50% normal partial suppression 53% decrease (p<0.001) reversed to 89% of baseline (p<0.001)
Transgenic: A1R−/− no receptors no Suppression 4% decrease (n.s.) no change (n.s.)

Legend: Predicted and observed effects of a ketogenic diet in a complement of wild type and transgenic mice. All transgenic mice demonstrated adenosine-based recurrent electrographic seizures. Based on the level of A1R expression in each mouse strain we predicted the correlated effects of a ketogenic diet in reducing seizure frequency. The A1R receptor gene was not manipulated in the Adk-tg mice; thus, we predicted seizures would be reduced by a ketogenic diet. We observed a significant (88%) reduction in seizure frequency. Functional A1Rs are expressed partially (50%) in the A1R+/− mice, and thus we predicted partial seizure reduction. We observed that seizures decreased significantly but to a lesser extent than in the Adk-tg mice (53%). Finally, A1R−/− mice have a complete loss of functional A1Rs, we predicted no effects of the ketogenic diet on spontaneous seizures, and we observed no significant change (4%) in seizure frequency. The ketogenic diet-induced decrease in seizure frequency was reversed significantly by glucose injection in Adk-tg and A1R+/− mice, and electrographic activity was unaffected in wild-type and A1R−/− mice (adapted from Masino et al., 2011)