Table 2.

Summary of clinical studies

Study	Description	Treatment	Mortality	Comments
Addo & Poon-King [84]	Uncontrolled 72 patients	CP, Dex, MP, vitamin B, vitamin C	28%	No follow-up after discharge. Plasma paraquat measured in only 25 patients. Of the patients who had concentrations over 2 mg l−1, only 6/18 survived
Afzali & Gholyaf [87]	RCT 20 patients	CP, Dex, MP vs. conventional treatment	33% vs. 81%	Plasma paraquat not measured. Sample size and power calculation not performed, no follow-up after discharge
Perriens et al. [89]	Uncontrolled 47 patients	CP, Dex vs. conventional treatment	63% vs. 61%	Exposure confirmed
Lin et al. [86]	RCT 23 patients	CP, Dex, MP vs. conventional treatment	31% vs. 86%	Power calculation not done. No follow-up after discharge
Lin et al. [80]	RCT 50 patients	CP, Dex, MP vs. conventional treatment	68% vs. 82%	71 patients were excluded from post hoc analysis. Plasma paraquat not measured. No follow-up after discharge
Lin et al. [85]	16 patients 17 historic controls	CP, Dex, MP	25% vs. 70%	Exposure unconfirmed. Used historic controls. No follow-up after discharge
Yasaka et al. [28]	Uncontrolled 9 patients	Vitamin E 100–4000 mg day−1	78%
Hong et al. [99]	Uncontrolled 5 patients	Vitamin C escalating doses	0%

CP, cyclophosphamide; Dex, dexamethasone; MP, methylprednisolone; DFO, desferroxamine.