Table 1.
Summary of PCP genes and their vertebrate paralogs
| PCP gene | Tissues affected in Drosophila | (Potential) Vertebrate paralogs | Molecular features | Fly references | Vertebrate references |
| Core genes: | |||||
| frizzled (fz) | E, W, S, A | Fz3, 6 and 7 | seven-pass transmembrane receptor, binds Wnt ligands, Dsh; recruits Dsh and Dgo to membrane | 21, 35, 36, 40, 65, 71, 78, 85, 86, 94, 96, 112, 129, 155–160 | 17, 77, 80, 100, 161–165 |
| dishevelled (dsh) | all adult tissues | Dvl1–3, xDsh | cytoplasmic protein containing DIX, PDZ, DEP domains, recruited to membrane by Fz, binds Fz, Pk, Stbm and Dgo | 36, 66, 81, 83, 84, 86, 112, 113, 166–171 | 16, 172–179 |
| flamingo (fmi)/starry night (stan) | all adult tissues | Celsr 1–3 | cadherin with seven-pass transmembrane receptor features, homophillic cell adhesions | 49, 58, 61, 68, 91, 95, 98, 180 | 181–184 |
| diego (dgo) | E, W, T in GOF* | Inversin, Diversin | cytoplasmic Ankyrin repeat protein, recruited to membrane by Fz, binds Dsh, Stbm and Dgo. Diversin/Inversin in vertebrates | 62, 85, 86, 93 | 16, 185–191 |
| strabismus (stbm)/van gogh (Vang) | all adult tissues | Vangl1, 2 | 4-pass transmembrane protein, binds Pk, Dsh and Dgo, recruits Pk to membrane | 34, 67, 70, 92, 192, 193 | 7, 8, 100, 194–212 |
| prickle (pk) | all adult tissues | Pk1, 2 | cytoplasmic protein with 3 LIM domains and PET domain, recruited to membrane by Stbm, physically interacts with Dsh, Stbm and Dgo | 64, 86, 87, 89, 93, 213 | 87, 99, 101, 214–217 |
| Ft/Ds module: | |||||
| ft | all adult tissues | Fat4 | atypical cadherin, binds Ds and Atrophin | 49, 51, 53, 72, 107, 110, 147, 148, 150, 151, 154, 218–220 | 221 |
| ds | all adult tissues | Dchs1 | atypical cadherin, binds Ft | 49, 51, 107, 141, 147, 148, 151, 218, 220 | 145 |
| fj | all adult tissues | mFjx | Type II transmembrane protein, golgi resident luminal kinase | 54, 60, 143, 144, 146, 147, 153 | 145 |
| Secondary genes: | |||||
| RhoA/Rac | E, W* | Rho, XRac1 | small GTPase, acts downstream of Dsh | 29, 114, 115, 135, 222, 223 | 224, 225 |
| rho kinase (drok) | E, W* | Rock1, 2 | Ser/Thr kinase | 115, 116, 135 | 226 |
| daam | DAAM1 | Formin, actin polymerizing, binds Dsh, RhoA | 134 | 227, 228 | |
| misshapen (msn) | E, W, T* | Ste20 like Ser/Thr kinase | 119, 229, 230 | ||
| jun | E | (JNK) | AP1 transcription factor component | 117 | 231 |
| fos (kayak) | E | AP1 transcription factor component | 114, 117–119 | ||
| Notch (N) | E | transmembrane protein | 78, 91, 97, 120–122, 232–235 | ||
| Delta (Dl) | E | transmembrane protein | |||
| nemo (nmo) | E | Ser/Thr kinase distantly related to MAPKs, binds Stbm, b-catenin, phosphorylates b-catenin | 123, 124, 236 | ||
| argos (aos) | E | EGF (Spitz) binding inhibitor | 126, 127, 237–240 | ||
| mushroom body defective (mud) | T, S, A | NuMa | Coiled coil microtubule binding protein interacts with Pins-Gαi complex to regulate spindle orientation during asymmetric cell division | 36 | 36 |
| partner of inscuteble (pins) | T, S, A | GoLoco domains, Tetratricopeptide (TPR) repeat motif, binds G-proteins, Inscuteable and Mud to orient mitotic spindle during asymmetric division | 34, 241 | ||
| multiple wing hairs (mwh) | W | G protein binding-formin homology 3 (GBD-FH3) protein, regulates site of hair initiation and inhibits ectopic secondary hair formation, acts downstream of In/Fy/Frtz | 31, 129, 130, 133 | ||
| fuzzy (fy) | W | xFy, mFuz | Putative four-pass transmembrane protein, localization of Mwh | 129, 157, 242 | 243–245 |
| inturned (in) | W | xInt, mIntu | Putative two-pass transmembrane, PDZ domain protein, binds and localizes Mwh | 129, 132, 157, 246, 247 | 243, 248 |
| fritz (frtz) | W | xFrtz | Coiled coil WD40-repeat cytoplasmic protein, localization and phosphorylation of Mwh | 129, 132, 249 | 250 |
Vertebrate genes indicated in cases where a PCP-related function has been described. Tissue affected in Drosophila: A, abdomen; E, eye; S, SOP cells; T, thorax; W, wing;
*
other tissues not tested. See text for details.