Table. 1. ATP-grasp superfamily enzymes.
| Enzyme | Biological Function | Taxonomy | Nucleophilic Substrate | Carboxylate Substrate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (biotin carboxylase domain) (ACC) | Fatty acid biosynthesis | Bacteria, archaea, eukaryota | Biotin-enzyme | HCO3- |
| D-Alanine-D-Alanine ligase (DDLigase) | Peptidoglycan biosynthesis | Bacteria | D-Alanine | D-Alanine |
| Glutathione synthetase (GSHase) | Glutathione biosynthesis | Bacteria, eukaryota | Glycine | γ-Glutamyl-cysteine |
| Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) | Gluconeogenesis | Bacteria, eukaryota | Biotin-enzyme | HCO3- |
| Glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase (PurD) | Purine biosynthesis | Bacteria, eukaryota | Phosphoribosylamine | Glycine |
| Formylglycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase (PurT) | Purine biosynthesis | Bacteria | Glycinamide ribonucleotide | HCOO− |
| N5-Carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase (PurK) | Purine biosynthesis | Bacteria, yeast, and fungi | Aminoimidazole ribonucleotide | HCO3- |
| Flavin 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide synthetase (PurP) | Purine biosynthesis | Archaea | Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide | HCOO− |
| Ribosomal protein S6 modification protein (RimK) | Ribosome biogenesis | Bacteria | Glutamate | Ribosomal protein S6 |
| Propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC) | Amino acid catabolism | Bacteria, eukaryota | Biotin-enzyme | HCO3- |
| Urea amidolyase | Urea hydrolysis | Bacteria, eukaryota | Biotin-enzyme | HCO3- |
| Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) | Arginine biosynthesis, pyrimidine biosynthesis | Bacteria, archaea, eukaryota | NH3 N/A |
HCO3- NH2COO- |
| Pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK) | Gluconeogenesis, photosynthesis | Bacteria, eukaryota | Pyruvate | N/Aa |
| Carnosine synthase | Dipeptide synthesis | Bacteria, archaea, eukaryote, viruses | L-Histidine | β-Alanine |
| Inositol 1,3,4-triphosphate 5/6-kinase (IP56K) | Polyphosphate synthesis | Eukaryota | Inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate | N/Aa |
| Synapsin Ia (SynC) | Neuronal function | Eukaryota | Unknown | Unknown |
| Tubulin-tyrosine ligase (TTL) | Microtubules assembly | Bacteria, eukaryota | Tyrosine | α-Tubulin |
| Succinyl-CoA synthetase β-chain (SCS) | Citric acid cycle | Bacteria, archaea, eukaryota | Coenzyme A | Succinate |
| Malate-CoA ligase β-chain | Growth on C-1 compounds | Bacteria, Viruses | Coenzyme A | Malate. succinate |
| ATP-citrate lyase | Lipid biosynthesis | Eukaryota | Coenzyme A | Citrate |
| Lysine biosynthesis enzyme (LysX) | Lysine biosynthesis pathway | Bacteria | α-Aminoadipate | Unknown |
a
kinases are involved in phosphoryl transfer rather than conversion of a carboxylate substrate into a reactive intermediate.