Table 2.

Examples of intraluminal guidance structures.

structure	model	gap	time	significant outcome	references
laminin/YIGSR collagen fibres (θ, 100–150 µm)	rat sciatic	15 mm	eight weeks	laminin/YIGSR coated fibre groups significantly increased axonal density versus uncoated fibres.	Itoh et al. [44]
2000 × collagen filaments (θ, 20 µm)	rat sciatic	20 mm	four, eight weeks	critical gap bridged. No significant difference versus autograft at eight weeks.	Yoshii & Oka [45]
80 × laminin-coated collagen fibres (θ, 50 µm)/sponge	canine peroneal	80 mm	12 months	no significant difference in nerve regeneration or functional recovery seen between groups.	Toba et al. [46]
various densities of PLLA (θ, 40–100 µm) microfilaments	rat sciatic	10, 14, 18 mm	10 weeks	high filament densities inhibited nerve regeneration. Low filament densities increased nerve regeneration.	Ngo et al. [47]
2000 × PGA (θ, 14 µm) filaments	dog sciatic	30 mm	six months	critical gap bridged with similar functional recovery to autograft.	Wang et al. [48]
collagen gel	rat peroneal	15 mm	12 weeks	a critical nerve gap bridged without the addition of neurotrophic factors.	Lee et al. [49]
1/3 PAN-MA fibrous film configurations (θ, 400–600 nm).	rat tibial	14 mm	six, 13 weeks	functional nerve regeneration was significantly greater in the 1 film conduit versus that of the 3 film conduit.	Clements et al. [39]
fibrous (θ, 2–20 µm) keratin hydrogel	mouse tibial	4 mm	six weeks	keratin group showed significantly greater conduction delay than autograft group.	Sierpinski et al. [50]
1000 × PLGA fibres (θ, 14 µm) + MSCs	dog sciatic	50 mm	six months	critical gap bridged. Functional recovery significantly greater than a hollow conduit and less than autograft.	Ding et al. [51]