Table 5.

Examples of cell-based approaches for peripheral nerve repair.

cell type	NGC	method of delivery	model	gap	significant results	references
SCs + US	hollow PLGA/ silicone NGC	wall release (3 × 105 cells ml−1)	rat sciatic	10 mm	in PLGA NGCs + SCS + US nerve regeneration significantly increased.	Chang et al. [61]
SCs dBMSCs	PHB conduit + fibrin matrix	fibrin matrix (8 × 107 cells ml−1)	rat sciatic	10 mm	increased nerve regeneration distance versus a hollow PHB and fibrin alone.	Kalbermatten et al. [33]
human uASCs	PCL conduit + RGD peptide	suspension (2 × 108 cells ml−1)	rat sciatic	6 mm	increased functional recovery and regeneration versus control groups.	Santiago et al. [67]
SCs	cellulose conduit + BD hydrogel	suspension (8 × 107 cells ml−1)	rat sciatic	10 mm	SCs + hydrogel increased regeneration distance. Effects lost at 16 weeks.	McGrath et al. [90]
uBMSCs	PCL conduit	injection into lumen (5 × 108 cells ml−1)	mouse median	3 mm	increased number of myelinated fibres and angiogenesis versus control group	Oliveira et al. [100]
uBMSCs	chitosan conduit + PLGA fibres	injection into lumen (8 × 107cells ml−1)	dog sciatic	50 mm	increased regeneration and functional recovery versus non BMSC group.	Ding et al. [51]
SCs, dASCs dBMSCs	fibrin glue conduit	injection into lumen (4 × 107 cells ml−1)	rat sciatic	10 mm	dBMSCs/dASCs increase regeneration distance and SC migration versus hNGC. SC remained superior to all groups.	Di Summa et al. [101]
dBMSCs SCs	collagen conduit (Neuragen)	wall release (8 × 105 cells ml−1)	rat sciatic	12 mm	increase in nerve regeneration in SC dBMSC NGCs versus hollow group.	Ladak et al. [102]