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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Sep 26.
Published in final edited form as: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2011 Sep 8;50(40):9400–9403. doi: 10.1002/anie.201105374

Scheme 2.

Scheme 2

Two possible mechanisms for secondary amine-catalyzed Knoevenagel condensations. Counter ions are omitted for simplicity.