Table 3.
Distribution of behavioral outcomes by satisfaction with facial appearance, need for speech therapy and cleft type
| Outcome | % of children at behavioral risk | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not very happy with facial appearance |
Need speech therapy | Cleft type | |||||
| Combining age groups | |||||||
| Yes (N=31) |
No (N=62) |
Yes (N=40) |
No (64) |
Cleft lip only (N=29) |
Cleft palate only (N=25) |
Cleft lip with palate (N=50) |
|
| % of children at behavioral risk | |||||||
| Depression/anxiety risk | 22.6*** | 3.3 | 12.5 | 6.3 | 6.9 | 8.0 | 10.0 |
| Inattention/hyperactivity risk | 22.6** | 8.1 | 15.0 | 12.5 | 10.3 | 8.0 | 18.0 |
| Aggressive/oppositional risk | 16.1 | 6.5 | 17.5 | 9.38 | 13.8 | 12.0 | 16.0 |
| Somatic symptom risk | 22.6** | 8.1 | 12.5 | 14.1 | 20.7 | 12.0 | 10.0 |
| T-score Mean (SD) | |||||||
| Depression/anxiety T-score | 55.5*** (7.2) |
51.3 (3.1) |
53.1 (5.0) |
52.4 (5.1) |
51.9 (4.2) |
52.4 (5.5) |
53.2 (5.3) |
| Inattention/hyperactivity T-score | 57.0 (7.5) |
52.8 (5.1) |
54.4 (6.9) |
54.2 (6.2) |
55.1 (7.5) |
53.9 (6.4) |
54.0 (6.0) |
| Aggressive/oppositional T-score | 55.7 (8.8) |
53.5 (6.2) |
55.6 (7.8) |
53.7 (6.7) |
53.8 (5.4) |
53.9 (7.0) |
55.1 (8.2) |
| Somatic symptom T-score | 55.6*** (8.3) |
51.7 (4.0) |
54.3 (6.9) |
53.1 (6.1) |
53.0 (5.6) |
52.3 (5.3) |
54.4 (7.3) |
| Age 6–12 years | |||||||
| Yes (N=25) |
No (N=33) |
Yes (N=40) |
No (64) |
Cleft lip only (N=20) |
Cleft palate only (N=16) |
Cleft lip with palate (N=23) |
|
| Inattention/hyperactivity risk (%) | 28.0 | 15.2 | 17.0 | 33.3 | 10.0 | 12.5 | 34.8* |
Note: The association between each of the binary risk indicators for behavioral problems and each of speech therapy need, satisfaction with facial appearance, and cleft type was assessed using a chi-square of independence.
** and *** indicate p <0.05 and <0.01 respectively.
The associations with the T-scores were evaluated using ordinary-least-squares regression separately for each of speech therapy need, satisfaction with facial appearance and cleft type. The analysis for association with speech therapy need and with cleft type included 104 children. The analysis for association with satisfaction with facial appearance included 93 children (11 children had unreported data on this question).