Figure 4.

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related pathways. EMT propagation in carcinosarcomas may be via the c-Jun/vimentin signaling pathway. Novel drugs are being developed to target molecular activators of EMT, such as transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), Notch, and Hedgehog, as well as downstream transcriptional regulators including c-Jun, Twist, and Snail. AKT/PKB, protein kinase B; CSL, [CBF-1, Su(H), Lag-1]-type transcription factors; EGF, epidermal growth factor; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3; HDAC, histone deacetylase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; SHH, sonic hedgehog homolog; TGFβ-R, transforming growth factor beta receptor.