Table 1.
Studies looking at exostoses in divers
| Paper | Study design | Sample size | Average age and years of diving | Country of origin | Incidence and/or prevalence | Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ohgaki et al. [18] | Cohort study | 31 professional divers | NA | Japan | Incidence 12 of the divers (Over 40%) | Found no relationship between incidence of exostoses and length of divers’ career |
| Karegeannes [16] | Cohort study | 87 navy divers in comparison to 47 non-divers | Age = 29.5 Diving 8.5 |
USA | Incidence 23 (26%) of the divers and no controls | Relation found between diving career length and those undertaking aquatic activities for long periods of years |
| Ito & Ikeda [19] | Cohort study | 97 military divers from 2 locations | Age = 34 Diving 11.5 |
Japan | P = 54% | Supports findings that cold water encourages condition |
| Doherty & Sheard [20] | Cross sectional study | 66 male, 35 female breath-hold divers | Age = M-32.8; F-30.8 Diving M18; F10 |
UK | P = 89.7% | High prevalence due to underwater bursts similar to surfing, 0.6% increase per yr |