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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2011 Jul 20;52(3):559–567. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.07.009

Figure 1. Mechanisms of protein S-glutathiolation.

Figure 1

Nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species activate protein or glutathionyl thiols resulting in S-nitrosocysteine (GSNO or PSNO) or sulfenylated (GSOH or PSOH) intermediates. In addition, the cellular abundance of GSSG is regulated by oxidative stress. These “activated” intermediate species react readily to form protein-glutathione adducts. Protein glutathiolation can regulate cellular function by modulating the activity of key metabolic and signaling enzymes. The glutathione adduct also forms a molecular “cap” that may protect protein thiols from advanced protein oxidation.