TABLE 3.
Postoperative Factors
| Probable Dementia | Delirium | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (n=236) |
no (n=170) |
yes (n=66) |
P-Value¶ | no (n=176) |
yes (n=60) |
P-Value¶ | |
| Number receiving any opioids (n) | 213 (90%) | 158 (93%) | 55 (83%) | 0.047* | 160 (91%) | 53 (88%) | 0.615 |
| Number using PCA (n)a | 60 (25.4%) | 50 (29.4%) | 10 (15.2%) | 0.030* | 54 (30.7%) | 6 (10.0%) | 0.001* |
| Opioid dose, cumulative for PACU through POD-3 (morphine equivalents, mg/kg)b | 0.62 (0.77) | 0.71 (0.82) | 0.36 (0.55) | 0.005* | 0.66 (0.82) | 0.49 (0.59) | 0.176 |
| Pain averaged over POD0-POD3 (0–10) | 2.4 (1.9) | 2.7 (1.9) | 1.5 (1.8) | <0.001* | 2.6 (1.9) | 1.7 (1.8) | 0.007* |
| Severe Pain (>6/10, n) | 29 (12.3%) | 24 (14.1%) | 5 (7.6%) | 0.192 | 24 (13.6%) | 5 (8.3%) | 0.365 |
| Number admitted to ICU (n) | 53 (22.5%) | 35 (20.6%) | 18 (27.3%) | 0.299 | 31 (17.6%) | 22 (36.7%) | 0.004* |
| Stay in ICU (days)c | 4.3 (4.8) | 4.3 (5.5) | 4.1 (3.2) | 0.870 | 3.3 (2.5) | 5.7 (6.7) | 0.071 |
| Number receiving erythrocyte transfusion (n) | 136 (57.6%) | 94 (55.3%) | 42 (63.6%) | 0.304 | 96 (54.5%) | 40 (66.7%) | 0.130 |
| Erythrocytes transfusion (units of packed erythrocytes)c | 1.9 (1.1) | 1.9 (1.1) | 1.8 (1.2) | 0.768 | 1.8 (1.0) | 2.1 (1.4) | 0.103 |
| Number experiencing infectious complications (n)d | 73 (30.9%) | 51 (30.0%) | 22 (33.3%) | 0.640 | 49 (27.8%) | 24 (40.0%) | 0.105 |
| Number experiencing cardiovascular complications (n)e | 49 (20.8%) | 31 (18.2%) | 18 (27.3%) | 0.152 | 27 (15.3%) | 22 (36.7%) | 0.001* |
Mean (±s.d.) for continuous data, median (lower quartile, upper quartile) for ordinal data, and number (percent of total) for frequency data. Asterisks indicate p<0.05.
PCA=Patient Controlled Analgesia
All opioids were converted to their equivalent dose of intravenous morphine sulfate using 100 µg of intravenous fentanyl, 2 mg of intravenous hydromorphone, and 30 mg of oral oxycodone as equivalent to 10 mg of intravenous morphine sulfate14, 15. PACU=Post Anesthesia Care Unit; POD=PostOperative Day
Averaged only over the subset of the population receiving admitted to the Intensive Care Unit or receiving erythrocyte transfusion.
Infectious complications include urinary tract infection and pneumonia
Cardiovascular complications include congestive heart failure, myocardial infection, and new arrhythmia.