Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population
| Sociodemographic characteristics | Total (n=77) | DOT arm (n=39) | TAU arm (n=38) | p value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (sd) | 47 (7) | 45 (7) | 49 (7) | 0.05 |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 41 (53) | 19 (49) | 22 (58) | 0.42 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
| Hispanic | 35 (45) | 20 (51) | 15 (39) | 0.30 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 31 (40) | 14 (36) | 17 (45) | |
| White, non-Hispanic | 8 (10) | 5 (13) | 3 (8) | |
| Other | 3 (4) | 0 (0) | 3 (8) | |
| Education, n (%) | ||||
| Less than high school | 38 (49) | 19 (49) | 19 (50) | 0.89 |
| High school (partial or completed) | 20 (26) | 11 (28) | 9 (24) | |
| College (partial or completed) | 19 (25) | 9 (23) | 10 (26) | 0.74 |
| Marital status, n (%) | ||||
| Married or living with partner | 34 (44) | 17 (44) | 17 (45) | 0.14 |
| Widowed, separated or divorced | 22 (29) | 8 (20) | 14 (37) | |
| Single | 21 (27) | 14 (36) | 7 (18) | |
| Employment status, n (%) | ||||
| Employed | 2 (3) | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | 1.00 |
| Unemployed or unable to work, n (%) | 75 (97) | 38 (97) | 37 (97) | |
| Insurance, n (%) | ||||
| Medicaid | 69 (90) | 33 (85) | 36 (95) | 0.26 |
| Medicare | 16 (21) | 10 (26) | 6 (16) | 0.40 |
| Private insurance | 6 (8) | 3 (8) | 3 (8) | 1.0 |
| Substance use characteristics | ||||
| Median duration methadone maintenance, years (IQR) (n=48) | 10 (5–16) | 9 (4–15) | 10 (6–16) | 0.93 |
| Median methadone dose, mg (IQR) (n=74) | 125 (90–180) | 135 (90–170) | 120 (90–185) | 0.85 |
| Methadone dose ≥ 100, n (%) (n=74) | 50 (68) | 24 (65) | 26 (70) | 0.62 |
| Self-reported illicit drug use in prior 30 days, n (%) | ||||
| Heroin | 20 (26) | 9 (24) | 11 (29) | 0.60 |
| Cocaine | 41 (54) | 21 (55) | 20 (53) | 0.82 |
| Marijuana | 11 (14) | 7 (19) | 4 (11) | 0.30 |
| Amphetamine | 3 (4) | 1 (3) | 2 (5) | 1.00 |
| Hazardous alcohol use | 18 (24) | 9 (24) | 9 (24) | 0.95 |
| Positive baseline urine toxicology report, n (%) | ||||
| Opiate (non-methadone) | 24 (31) | 11 (30) | 13 (35) | 0.62 |
| Cocaine | 42 (55) | 19 (51) | 23 (62) | 0.35 |
| Benzodiazepine | 7 (9) | 3 (8) | 4 (11) | 0.71 |
| Marijuana | 13 (17) | 6 (16) | 7 (19) | 0.72 |
| Amphetamine | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 | 1.00 |
| Lifetime history of injection drug use | 46 (61) | 27 (71) | 19 (50) | 0.06 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Self-reported antiretroviral adherence in prior seven days | ||||
| 100%, n (%) | 55 (72) | 25 (66) | 30 (79) | 0.20 |
| <100%, n (%) | 21 (27) | 13 (34) | 8 (21) | |
| Median duration of HIV infection, years (IQR) | 13 (9–17) | 12 (8–15) | 15 (10–18) | 0.09 |
| HIV viral load < 75 copies/ml, n (%) | 41 (53) | 19 (49) | 22 (58) | 0.42 |
| Median CD4+ T cell count, cells/mm3, (IQR) (n=74) | 345 (151–494) | 367 (189–509) | 277 (110–453) | 0.34 |
| BSI depression subscale T≥63, n (%) (n=69) | 31 (45) | 17 (50) | 14 (40) | 0.40 |
| BSI global severity index T≥63, n (%) (n=69) | 35 (51) | 18 (53) | 17 (49) | 0.72 |
*
p value for difference between DOT and TAU groups