Fig. 1.

The emotional face paradigms. (A) Working memory. Participants viewed two faces (expressing the same emotion, angry, happy, sad, fearful or neutral) for 2 s. The 4 position array was chosen because of compatibility with other work probing load effects on emotional working memory (Jackson et al., 2009) and with our previous work in patients with Parkinson's disease (Subramanian et al., 2010) and schizophrenia (Linden et al., 2010). After a 1 s interval, a probe face with the same emotional expression was presented and participants had to judge whether it matched one of the previous faces in the encoding display. (B) Expression classification task for the basic emotions. Participants categorised emotions with the appropriate labels. (C) Arousal/valence ratings. Participants rated how aroused and pleasant each face made them feel using the self-assessment manikin.