Table 4.
Longitudinal association between baseline respiratory impairment (airflow limitation or restrictive-pattern) and the development of frailty features (pre-frail or frail) at Year-3, among participants who were non-frail at baseline (N=1,435) a
| Respiratory Impairment | N | No. (%) of participants who developed frailty features |
Development of frailty features Odds Ratio (95% CI) b |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted c | |||
| Absent (normal pulmonary function) | 1,189 | 458 (38.5) | 1.00 | |
| Present (airflow limitation or restrictive-pattern) | 246 | 121 (49.2) | 1.54 (1.17, 2.04) | 1.58 (1.17, 2.13) |
Abbreviation: CI= confidence interval.
a
Of 1,641 participants who were non-frail at baseline, 39 (2.4%) had missing covariate information and 167 (10.2%) had missing outcome (development of frailty features)—yielding a sample size of 1,435.
b
Logistic regression model.
c
Adjusted for age, height, height2, gender, smoking history, BMI, health status, and chronic conditions.