Table 1. Baseline Clinical and Echocardiographic Characteristics by Diastolic Function and Heart Rate Recovery†.
| Characteristics | Normal HR recovery and normal diastolic function (n = 1430) | Normal HR recovery and abnormal diastolic function (n = 620) | Abnormal HR recovery and normal diastolic function (n = 326) | Abnormal HR recovery and abnormal diastolic function (n = 449) | p value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical Variables | |||||
|
| |||||
| Age (yr) | 52±11 | 65±10 | 59±12 | 70±9 | <0.0001 |
| Female | 658 (46) | 278 (45) | 147 (45) | 217 (48) | 0.69 |
| BMI kg/m2 | 27 (5) | 29 (5) | 28 (5) | 29 (5) | <0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 122±18 | 129±19 | 127±19 | 132±21 | <0.0001 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 75±13 | 74±13 | 75±13 | 75±15 | 0.36 |
| Prior MI | 56 (4) | 42 (7) | 25 (8) | 30 (7) | 0.004 |
| Prior PCI | 77 (5) | 59 (10) | 27 (8) | 53 (12) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes | 78 (5) | 89 (14) | 27 (8) | 87 (19) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 493 (34) | 376 (61) | 173 (53) | 321 (71) | <0.0001 |
| Previous/current smoker | 584 (41) | 285 (46) | 159 (49) | 220 (49) | 0.002 |
| Beta-blockers | 259 (18) | 211 (34) | 104 (32) | 201 (45) | <0.0001 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 68 (27) | 69 (27) | 31 (12) | 84 (33) | 0.0002 |
| ACE or ARBs | 216 (33) | 184 (28) | 74 (11) | 182 (28) | <0.0001 |
|
| |||||
| Echocardiographic Variables | |||||
|
| |||||
| Ejection fraction (%) | 61±4 | 62±5 | 62±4 | 62±4 | 0.05 |
| WMSI | 1.01±0.57 | 1.03±0.12 | 1.2±0.95 | 1.03±0.12 | <0.0001 |
| E velocity (cm/s) | 73±15 | 64±18 | 74±16 | 68±18 | <0.0001 |
| A velocity (cm/s) | 60±15 | 77±18 | 67±16 | 84±19 | <0.0001 |
| E/A ratio | 1.3±0.4 | 0.9±0.3 | 1.1±0.3 | 0.8±0.3 | <0.0001 |
| e' (medial mitral annulus, m/s) | 0.10±0.02 | 0.07±0.02 | 0.09±0.02 | 0.07±0.02 | <0.0001 |
| Resting E/e' | 8±2 | 11±4 | 9±2 | 11±4 | <0.0001 |
| Deceleration Time (ms) | 198±34 | 226±45 | 199±34 | 230±52 | <0.0001 |
| Left atrial volume index (ml/m2 | 25±6 | 30±9 | 26±7 | 31±10 | <0.0001 |
| Tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity (m/s) | 2.35±0.28 | 2.43±0.26 | 2.43±0.31 | 2.52±0.31 | <0.0001 |
Data presented as mean±SD or n (%).
†
Heart rate recovery is defined as the difference between heart rate at peak exercise and heart rate at 1 minute in recovery and abnormal heart rate recovery is defined as the lowest quartile for the study sample (≤24 beats per minute).
*
Categorical variables compared using Pearson χ2 test. Continuous variables compared using ANOVA.
Abbreviations: bpm = beats per minute; m/s = meters per second; MI = myocardial infarction; PCI = percutaneous coronary revascularization; ACE or ARBs = angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers; WMSI = wall motion score index.