Table 4.

Calf muscle density and functional outcomes among persons with peripheral arterial disease.

	Tertile 1	Tertile 2	Tertile 3	Trend P value
MOBILITY LOSS (n=332)
Tertile Definition	20.10–31.55 gm/cm³	31.62–35.11 gm/cm³	35.12–41.10 gm/cm³
Number of participants	N=110	N=111	N=111
Number with mobility loss during follow-up	N=28	N=15	N=6
Model 1	5.10 (2.03–12.82)¹	2.19(0.82–5.85)	1.0(Reference)	<.001
Model 2	3.64(1.36–9.71)²	1.62(0.59–4.50)	1.0(Reference)	<0.001
Model 3	3.53(1.28–9.68)³	1.49(0.53–4.21)	1.0(Reference)	<0.001
Model 4	3.50(1.28–9.57)³	1.47 (0.52–4.19)	1.0(Reference)	<.001
BECOMING UNABLE TO WALK FOR SIX MINUTES CONTINUOUSLY (n=237)
Tertile Definition	20.10–32.01 gm/cm³	32.01–35.49 gm/cm³	35.51–41.26 gm/cm³
Number of participants	N=79	N=79	N=79
Number who stopped during the six-minute walk at follow-up.	N=22	N=21	N=11
Model 1	2.01(0.92–4.41)	1.77(0.80–3.91)	1.0(Reference)	0.40
Model 2	2.00(0.84–4.77)	1.65(0.72–3.83)	1.0(Reference)	0.62
Model 3	1.99(0.83–4.78)	1.58(0.68–3.66)	1.0(Reference)	0.57
Model 4	2.06 (0.85–4.99)	1.56 (0.67–3.63)	1.0(Reference)	0.53

Analyses for mobility loss exclude participants with mobility limitation at baseline. Analyses for becoming unable to walk for six-minutes continuously exclude participants who stopped during the six-minute walk test at baseline. Because of sample size differences, tertiles are distinct for each outcome.

Data shown are hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals). Model 1 adjusts for age, sex, and race. Model 2 adjusts for variables in Model 1 and the ankle brachial index, body mass index, smoking, and comorbidities. Model 3 adjusts for covariates in Model 2 and physical activity level. Model 4 adjusts for covariates in Model 3 and time-dependent use of statin, cilostazol, and pentoxifylline use. The reference group is participants in the highest calf muscle density tertile at baseline.

p=0.005 relative to reference.

p=0.010 relative to reference.

p=0.015 relative to reference.