Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population by gender.
| Characteristics | Men (n = 163) | Women (n = 286) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 64.9 (8.0) | 66.4 (8.7) | 0.06 |
| Education categories (%) | 0.5 | ||
| Below high school | 29.1 | 33.2 | |
| High school | 30.9 | 32.2 | |
| Above high school | 40.0 | 34.6 | |
| Current smoker (%) | 21.8 | 27.7 | 0.2 |
| Current drinker (%) | 19.6 | 8.1 | 0.0003 |
| Moderate physical activity (%) | 66.8 | 57.6 | 0.05 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30.0 (5.4) | 29.9 (6.7) | 0.9 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 36.8 | 43.5 | 0.2 |
| Hypertension (%) | 54.8 | 57.7 | 0.5 |
| Cancer (%) | 10.6 | 15.9 | 0.1 |
| Depression (%) | 8.2 | 10.4 | 0.4 |
| Chronic pain (%) | 11.4 | 11.1 | 0.9 |
| Back pain (%) | 30.3 | 37.7 | 0.1 |
| Night sleep duration (hours) | 6.8 (1.7) | 6.9 (1.6) | 0.9 |
| Daytime sleepiness (hours) | 1.6 (0.7) | 1.4 (0.6) | 0.05 |
| Difficulty falling asleep (hours) | 1.7 (0.8) | 1.9 (0.9) | 0.003 |
*Data presented are percentages or mean values (standard deviation), as appropriate for the variable.