Table 2.
Pathogenic arboviruses (viruses in bold are dealt with in greater detail later in the paper).
| Virus | Classification: family genus | Vector | Animals affected | Disease (SFI1, HF2, E3) | Endemic presence | OIE* listed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| African horse sickness virus |
Asfarviridae
Asfivirus |
Midge (Culicoides spp.) | Horses | SFI/HF | Africa | Yes |
| African swine fever virus |
Reoviridae
Orbivirus |
Ticks (Argasid spp.) | Pigs | HF | Africa | Yes |
| Akabane virus |
Bunyaviridae
Orthobunyavirus |
Mosquito (Aedes spp.) and midges | Cattle, sheep, horse, | Congenital abnormalities | East Asia, Turkey, South Africa | No |
| Bluetongue virus |
Reoviridae
Orbivirus |
Midge (Culicoides spp.) | Cattle, sheep, goat | HF | Americas, Africa, Asia | Yes |
| Bovine ephemeral fever virus |
Rhabdoviridae
Ephemerovirus |
Midge/mosquito | Cattle | SFI/respiratory | Africa, Asia, Australia | No |
| California encephalitis virus |
Bunyaviridae
Orthobunyavirus |
Mosquito | Humans, small mammals | E | Americas | No |
| Chikungunya virus |
Togaviridae
Alphavirus |
Mosquito (Aedes spp.) | Humans | SFI | Africa, Asia, Europe | No |
| Colorado tick fever virus |
Reoviridae
Coltivirus |
Tick (Dermocentor andersonii) | Humans, small mammals | SFI | North America | No |
| Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus |
Bunyaviridae
Nairovirus |
Ticks (Hyalomma spp.) | Humans | SFI/HF | Africa, Asia, Europe | No |
| Dengue virus |
Flaviviridae
Flavivirus |
Mosquitoes (Aedes spp.) | Humans | SFI/HF | Africa, Asia, Americas, Europe | No |
| Dugbe virus |
Bunyaviridae
Nairovirus |
Ticks | Humans, cattle | SFI | Africa | No |
| Eastern equine encephalitis virus |
Togaviridae
Alphavirus |
Mosquitoes (Culex spp.) | Humans, equine | E | Americas | Yes |
| Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus |
Reoviridae
Orbivirus |
Midge (Culicoides spp.) | Cattle, deer | HF | Americas, Africa, Asia | Yes |
| Equine encephalosis virus |
Reoviridae
Orbivirus |
Midge (Culicoides spp.) | Equine | E | Southern Africa, Israel | No |
| Getah virus |
Togaviridae,
Alphavirus |
Mosquito (Culex spp.) | Equine | SFI/E | Asia | No |
| Inkoo virus |
Bunyaviridae
Orthobunyavirus |
Mosquito (Aedes spp.) | Cattle | SFI | Finland | No |
| Japanese encephalitis virus |
Flaviviridae
Flavivirus |
Mosquito (Culex spp.) | Humans, pigs, horses | E/abortion | Asia | Yes |
| Kemerovo virus |
Reoviridae
Orbivirus |
Tick (Ixodes spp.) | Humans, rodents, birds | SFI | Asia | No |
| Kyasanur Forest virus |
Flaviviridae
Flavivirus |
Ticks (Haemaphysalis spp.) | Humans, small mammals | E | India | No |
| La Crosse virus |
Bunyaviridae
Orthobunyavirus |
Mosquito (Aedes spp.) | Humans, Small mammals | E | North America | No |
| Louping ill virus |
Flaviviridae
Flavivirus |
Ticks (Ixodes ricinus) | Sheep, cattle | E | British Isles | No |
| Murray Valley encephalitis virus |
Flaviviridae
Flavivirus |
Mosquito (Culex annulirostris) | Humans, horse, cattle | E | Australia, Indonesia | No |
| Nairobi sheep disease virus |
Bunyaviridae
Nairovirus |
Tick (Ripicephalus appendiculatus) | Sheep, goats | HF/gastroenteritis | East Africa | Yes |
| Omsk Haemorrhagic fever virus |
Flaviviridae
Flavivirus |
Tick (Dermacentor reticulatus) | Humans | HF | Asia | No |
| Palyam virus |
Reoviridae
Orbivirus |
Mosquitoes, midges | Cattle | Abortion | Africa, Asia and Australia | No |
| Peruvian horse sickness virus |
Reoviridae
Orbivirus |
Mosquitoes | Horses | E | South America | No |
| Powassan virus |
Flaviviridae
Flavivirus |
Mosquito (Aedes/Anopheles spp.) | Small/medium sized mammals | North America, Russia | No | |
| Rift Valley fever virus |
Bunyaviridae
Phlebovirus |
Mosquito (Aedes spp.) | Humans, sheep, goats, camels | SFI/HF/abortion | Africa | Yes |
| Russian spring-summer encephalitis virus |
Flaviviridae
Flavivirus |
Tick (Ixodes persulcatus) | Humans, cattle, goats | E | Eurasia | No |
| Sandfly fever virus |
Bunyaviridae
Phlebovirus |
Sandfly (Phlebotomus perniciosus) | Humans | SFI | Europe | No |
| Sindbis virus |
Togaviridae,
Alphavirus |
Mosquito | Wildlife, avian | SFI | Africa, Europe, Asia | No |
| St. Louis encephalitis virus |
Flaviviridae
Flavivirus |
Mosquito (Culex spp.) | Humans, avian | E | Americas | No |
| Semliki Forest virus |
Togaviridae
Alphavirus |
Mosquito (Aedes spp.) | Equine | E | Africa | No |
| Tahyna virus |
Bunyaviridea
Orthobunyavirus |
Mosquito (Aedes spp.) | Humans, pigs | SFI | Africa, Europe | No |
| Tick-borne encephalitis virus |
Flaviviridae
Flavivirus |
Tick (Ixodes spp.) | Humans, wildlife | E | Europe, Asia | No |
| Thogoto virus |
Orthomyxoviridae
Thogotovirus |
Tick (various spp.) | sheep | Abortion | Africa | No |
| Usutu virus |
Flaviviridae
Flavivirus |
Mosquito | Avian, humans | E | Africa, Europe | No |
| Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus |
Togaviridae
Alphavirus |
Mosquito | Humans, horse | E | Americas | Yes |
| Vesicular stomatitis virus |
Rhabdoviridae
Vesiculovirus |
Mosquito/sandfly/midges/blackfly | Humans, cattle, horse, pigs | Mucosal vesicles | Americas | Yes |
| Wesselsbron virus |
Flaviviridae
Flavivirus |
Mosquito (Aedes spp.) | Humans, sheep, cattle | HF | Africa, Asia | No |
| West Nile virus |
Flaviviridae
Flavivirus |
Mosquito (Culex spp.) | humans, cattle, horse, avian | E | Africa, Eurasia, Americas | Yes |
| Western equine encephalitis virus |
Togaviridae
Alphavirus |
Mosquito | Humans, cattle, horse | E | Americas | Yes |
| Yellow fever virus |
Flaviviridae
Flavivirus |
Mosquito (Aedes and Haemagogus spp.) | Humans, primates | HF | Africa, South America, Caribbean | No |
1SFI: systemic Febrile Illness; 2HF: haemorrhagic fever; 3E: encephalitis.
*Office International des Epizooties (World Organisation for Animal Health).