Table 2.
Presenting features of febrile inpatients with and without CHIKV infection (N = 700), northern Tanzania, 2007–2008
| Acute CHIKV infection (N = 55) | No CHIKV infection (N = 645) | OR (95% CI) | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n/N | (%) | n/N | (%) | |||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, median (range) years | 5.5 (0.2, 63.5) | 19.4 (0.2, 95.8) | – | 0.088 | ||
| Female | 21/55 | (38.2) | 321/645 | (49.8) | 0.62 (0.35–1.1) | 0.099 |
| Rural residence | 22/43 | (51.1) | 290/559 | (51.2) | 0.97 (0.52–1.8) | 0.928 |
| Presentation in dry month | 45/55 | (81.8) | 375/645 | (58.1) | 3.2 (1.6–6.5) | 0.001* |
| Presentation in cold month | 26/55 | (47.3) | 120/645 | (18.6) | 3.9 (2.2–6.9) | < 0.001* |
| Clinical Signs and symptoms | ||||||
| Days ill, median (IQR) | 4 (3, 14) | 6 (3, 14) | – | 0.596 | ||
| Temperature, median (IQR) °C | 38.1 (38.0, 39.0) | 38.5 (38.0, 39.0) | – | 0.173 | ||
| Headache† | 13/21 | (61.9) | 245/344 | (71.2) | 0.66 (0.26–1.6) | 0.363 |
| Lymphadenopathy | 4/54 | (7.4) | 67/634 | (10.6) | 0.68 (0.24–1.9) | 0.464 |
| Cough | 33/55 | (60.0) | 407/644 | (63.2) | 0.87 (0.50–1.5) | 0.637 |
| Difficulty breathing | 26/55 | (47.3) | 221/640 | (34.5) | 1.7 (0.98–3.0) | 0.058 |
| Vomiting | 10/55 | (18.2) | 201/643 | (31.3) | 0.49 (0.24–0.99) | 0.043* |
| Diarrhea | 10/55 | (18.2) | 141/641 | (22.0) | 0.78 (0.39–1.6) | 0.510 |
| Hepatomegaly | 9/52 | (17.3) | 54/640 | (8.4) | 2.3 (1.1–4.9) | 0.043* |
| Laboratory and radiographic findings‡ | ||||||
| Anemia | 29/55 | (52.7) | 266/635 | (41.9) | 1.5 (0.89–2.7) | 0.119 |
| Leukopenia | 5/55 | (9.1) | 43/635 | (6.8) | 1.4 (0.52–3.6) | 0.576 |
| Lymphopenia | 21/55 | (38.2) | 222/624 | (35.6) | 1.1 (0.63–2.0) | 0.669 |
| Thrombocytopenia | 6/55 | (10.9) | 122/634 | (19.2) | 0.51 (0.21–1.2) | 0.127 |
| HIV-infected | 11/48 | (22.9) | 161/617 | (26.1) | 0.84 (0.42–1.7) | 0.628 |
| Abnormal chest radiograph | 21/31 | (67.7) | 228/403 | (56.6) | 1.6 (0.74–3.5) | 0.226 |
| Evidence of other acute infection | ||||||
| Malaria | 2/54 | (3.7) | 20/638 | (3.1) | 1.1 (0.27–5.2) | 0.687 |
| Bloodstream infections | 5/55§ | (9.1) | 76/645 | (11.8) | 0.75 (0.29–1.9) | 0.549 |
| Bacterial zoonoses | 5/55¶ | (9.1) | 63/645 | (9.8) | 0.92 (0.36–2.4) | 0.871 |
| Presumptive DENV | 9/55 | (16.4) | 58/637 | (9.1) | 2.0 (0.91–4.2) | 0.081 |
| Provisional diagnosis | ||||||
| Malaria | 23/55 | (41.8) | 281/645 | (43.6) | 0.93 (0.53–1.6) | 0.802 |
| Pneumonia | 22/55 | (40.0) | 191/645 | (29.6) | 1.6 (0.90–2.8) | 0.108 |
| Meningitis | 3/55 | (5.5) | 45/645 | (7.0) | 0.77 (0.23–2.6) | 1.000 |
| Other | 7/55 | (12.7) | 128/645 | (19.8) | 0.59 (0.26–1.3) | 0.284 |
| Treatment | ||||||
| Antibacterial | 48/55 | (87.3) | 427/645 | (66.2) | 3.5 (1.6–7.9) | 0.001* |
| Antimalarial | 6/55 | (10.9) | 118/645 | (18.3) | 0.54 (0.23–1.3) | 0.169 |
| No antibacterial or antimalarial | 7/55 | (12.7) | 183/645 | (28.4) | 0.37 (0.16–0.83) | 0.012* |
| Death before discharge | 5/55 | (9.1) | 59/641 | (9.2) | 0.99 (0.38–2.6) | 0.978 |
*
P < 0.05.
†
Data available for adult and adolescent patients only.
‡
Laboratory reference ranges based on locally established reference ranges [27 and 28].
§
Blood culture positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae (2), Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (1), Escherichia coli (1), Cryptococcus neoformans (1).
¶
Serology positive for leptospirosis (3) and Q fever (2).
CHIKV = Chikungunya virus; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; IQR = interquartile ratio; DENV = Dengue virus.