Table 3.
Presenting features of febrile inpatients with and without presumptive acute DENV infection (N = 747), northern Tanzania, 2007–2008
| Presumptive DENV infection (N = 71) | No DENV infection (N = 676) | OR (95% CI) | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n/N | (%) | n/N | (%) | |||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, median (range) years | 14.4 (0.3, 95.8) | 12.1 (0.2, 88.7) | – | 0.878 | ||
| Female | 32/71 | (45.1) | 324/676 | (47.9) | 0.89 (0.55–1.5) | 0.646 |
| Rural residence | 34/55 | (61.8) | 292/585 | (49.9) | 1.6 (0.92–2.9) | 0.091 |
| Presentation in dry month | 44/71 | (62.0) | 417/676 | (61.7) | 1.0 (0.61–1.7) | 0.963 |
| Presentation in cold month | 19/71 | (26.8) | 150/676 | (22.2) | 1.3 (0.73–2.2) | 0.381 |
| Clinical signs and symptoms | ||||||
| Days ill, median (IQR) | 4.5 (3, 14) | 5 (3, 14) | – | 0.680 | ||
| Temperature, median (IQR) °C | 38.5 (38.0, 39.1) | 38.5 (38.0, 39.0) | – | 0.497 | ||
| Headache† | 24/36 | (66.7) | 233/328 | (71.0) | 0.82 (0.39–1.7) | 0.585 |
| Lymphadenopathy | 5/68 | (7.4) | 72/666 | (10.8) | 0.65 (0.26–1.7) | 0.375 |
| Cough | 42/71 | (59.2) | 429/675 | (63.6) | 0.83 (0.51–1.4) | 0.465 |
| Difficulty breathing | 31/71 | (43.7) | 236/671 | (35.2) | 1.4 (0.87–2.3) | 0.156 |
| Vomiting | 21/71 | (29.6) | 204/674 | (30.3) | 0.97 (0.57–1.7) | 0.904 |
| Diarrhea | 17/69 | (24.6) | 140/674 | (20.8) | 1.2 (0.70–2.2) | 0.454 |
| Hepatomegaly | 10/69 | (14.5) | 59/670 | (8.8) | 1.8 (0.85-3.6) | 0.122 |
| Laboratory and radiographic findings‡ | ||||||
| Anemia | 33/70 | (47.1) | 265/666 | (39.8) | 1.3 (0.82–2.2) | 0.233 |
| Leukopenia | 4/70 | (5.7) | 48/666 | (7.2) | 0.78 (0.27–2.2) | 0.809 |
| Lymphopenia | 25/68 | (36.8) | 229/657 | (34.9) | 1.1 (0.64–1.8) | 0.753 |
| Thrombocytopenia | 13/70 | (18.6) | 119/665 | (17.9) | 1.0 (0.55–2.0) | 0.888 |
| HIV-infected | 6/68 | (8.8) | 175/638 | (27.4) | 0.26 (0.11–0.60) | 0.001* |
| Abnormal chest radiograph | 20/40 | (50.0) | 251/423 | (59.3) | 0.68 (0.36–1.3) | 0.252 |
| Evidence of other acute infection | ||||||
| Malaria | 5/69 | (7.3) | 17/669 | (2.5) | 3.0 (1.1–8.4) | 0.046* |
| Bloodstream infections | 12/71§ | (16.9) | 69/676 | (10.2) | 1.8 (0.92–3.5) | 0.084 |
| Bacterial zoonoses | 9/71¶ | (12.7) | 59/676 | (8.7) | 1.5 (0.72–3.2) | 0.270 |
| Chikungunya | 9/67 | (13.4) | 46/625 | (7.4) | 2.0 (0.91–4.2) | 0.081 |
| Provisional diagnosis | ||||||
| Malaria | 32/71 | (45.1) | 292/676 | (43.2) | 1.1 (0.66–1.8) | 0.762 |
| Pneumonia | 21/71 | (29.6) | 214/676 | (31.7) | 0.91 (0.53–1.5) | 0.720 |
| Meningitis | 5/71 | (7.0) | 46/676 | (6.8) | 1.0 (0.40–2.7) | 0.809 |
| Other | 13/71 | (18.3) | 124/676 | (18.3) | 1.0 (0.53–1.9) | 0.995 |
| Treatment | ||||||
| Antibacterial | 52/71 | (73.2) | 459/676 | (67.9) | 1.3 (0.75–2.2) | 0.357 |
| Antimalarial | 16/71 | (22.5) | 128/676 | (18.9) | 1.2 (0.69–2.2) | 0.464 |
| No antibacterial or antimalarial | 15/71 | (21.1) | 181/676 | (26.8) | 0.73 (0.40–1.3) | 0.303 |
| Death before discharge | 3/71 | (4.2) | 62/672 | (9.2) | 0.43 (0.13–1.4) | 0.156 |
*
P < 0.05.
†
Data available for adult and adolescent patients only.
‡
Laboratory reference ranges based on locally established reference ranges [27 and 28].
§
Blood culture positive for Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (7), Escherichia coli (2), Streptococcus aureus (1), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1), Klebsiella oxytoca (1).
¶
Serology positive for leptospirosis (5), brucellosis (4), and Q fever (1). (Note: one patient tested positive for both leptospirosis and brucellosis.)