Table 3.

Hypothetical module associations of bone elements

	Developmental origin module		Ossification mode module		Phenotypic module
	Neural crest cells	Mesoderm	Endochondral	Dermal	Oral	Nasal	Zygomatic	Vault	Basicranium
Premaxilla	◯			◯	◯	◯
Maxilla	◯			◯	◯	◯	◯
Palatine	◯			◯	◯	◯	◯
Dentary	◯			◯	◯
Frontal	◯			◯		◯		◯
Parietal		◯		◯				◯
Squamosal	◯		◯				◯	◯
Basiocciptial		◯	◯						◯
Nasal	◯			◯		◯
Pterygoid	◯		◯		◯		◯		◯
Exoccipital		◯	◯					◯	◯
Basisphenoid		◯	◯				◯		◯
Lacrimal	◯			◯			◯	◯
Alisphenoid		◯	◯				◯	◯
Orbitosphenoid	◯		◯				◯	◯
Petrosal		◯	◯						◯
Mastoid		◯	◯					◯	◯
Vomer	◯			◯	◯	◯
Presphenoid	◯		◯						◯
Supraoccipital		◯	◯					◯
Ectotympanic	◯		◯						◯
Goniale	◯		◯						◯

Developmental origin modules are derived from [62], ossification mode modules from [63], and phenotypic module from [34,64,65].