Table 1.
Example distractors and their relationship to the target for monolinguals and bilinguals.
| Target picture | Distractor (translation) | Language | Relationship for monolinguals | Relationship for bilinguals |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dog | Dog | Target | Target identity | Target identity |
| Dog | Cat | Target | Semantically related | Semantically related |
| Dog | Doll | Target | Phonologically related | Phonologically related |
| Dog | Puttya | Target | Phonologically related to near-synonym | Phonologically related to near-synonym |
| Dog | Table | Target | Unrelated | Unrelated |
| Dog | Pear | Target | Unrelated | Phonologically related to target’s translation |
| Dog | Lady | Target | Unrelated | Non-target-translation is phonologically related |
| Dog | Perro (dog) | Non-target | Unrelated non-word | Target’s translation |
| Dog | Gato (cat) | Non-target | Unrelated non-word | Semantically related in non-target language |
| Dog | Dama (lady) | Non-target | Phonologically related non-word | Phonologically related in non-target language |
| Dog | Muñeca (doll) | Non-target | Unrelated non-word | Translation of phonologically related word in target language |
| Dog | Pelo (hair) | Non-target | Unrelated non-word | Phonologically related to target’s translation |
| Dog | Mesa (table) | Non-target | Unrelated non-word | Unrelated in non-target language |
aThis condition is referred to in the text by the example soda-COUCH (Jescheniak and Schriefers, 1998). The present example is meant to illustrate activation of a near-synonym like PUPPY.