Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for all outcome and explanatory variables sub-divided into the WHO framework for the building blocks of a health system (n = 136 countries)
| Variables | Median (IQR) | Range |
|---|---|---|
| Outcome | ||
| Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 births) | 21.5 (10.0 - 60.0) | 2.0 - 165.0 |
| Child mortality rate (per 1,000 births) | 24.5 (11.0 - 80.0) | 3.0 - 257.0 |
| Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 births) | 81.5 (26.0 - 350.0) | 3.0 - 1400.0 |
| Explanatory | ||
| I. Human health resources | ||
| Nursing/midwife density (per 10,000 population) | 18.5 (7.0 - 51.0) | 2.0 - 158.0 |
| Physician density (per 1,000 population) | 11.0 (2.0 - 25.0) | 0.3 - 64.0 |
| II. Health service coverage | ||
| % Of population with sustainable access to water and sanitation | 87.50 (59.0 - 98.5) | 24.0 - 100.0 |
| % Of births attended by skilled staff | 93.0 (57.0 - 100.0) | 6.0 - 100.0 |
| III. Medical products, vaccines and technology | ||
| % Measles immunization coverage | 91.0 (79.0 - 97.0) | 23.0 - 99.0 |
| IV. Health financing | ||
| Total health expenditure per person (USD) | 153.0 (35.5 - 441.0) | 4.0 - 6714.0 |
| Out-of-pocket expenditure on health (as a % of total health expenditure) | 33.1 (19.8 - 48.4) | 4.2 - 82.7 |
| Government health expenditure (USD) | 148.0 (41.0 - 457.5) | 4.0 - 3074.0 |
| Private share of total health expenditure (%) | 44.8 (27.9 - 58.5) | 9.3 - 83.6 |
| V. Leadership and governance | ||
| Corruption Index | 3.0 (2.4 - 4.5) | 1.3 - 9.4 |
| Demographic variables | ||
| Fertility rate (average number of children per woman) | 2.5 (1.8 - 4.1) | 1.2 - 6.6 |
| Population growth value (annual %) | 1.42 (0.72 - 2.29) | -1.17 - 5.32 |
| Urban population value (annual %) | 2.23 (1.16 - 3.35) | -1.02 - 5.90 |
| Female labour force participation (%) | 59.8 (48.5 - 68.1) | 14.9 - 90.2 |
Lower value of Corruption Index on a scale of ten indicates higher perceived corruption