Figure 1. Regulation of glucose metabolism by HIF-1.

HIF-1 controls transcription of genes encoding glucose transporters, which transport glucose from the extracellular (ext) to the intracellular (int) milieu, and glycolytic enzymes, which convert glucose to lactate as glycolytic end-product or acetyl coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) that is metabolized in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). Pyruvate kinase M2 converts phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) into pyruvate, which is upstream of the decision point for glycolytic vs oxidative metabolism. Arrow indicates direction of glucose metabolism; blocked line indicates inhibition.