Figure 2. Among population variation on Crotalaria pallida resistance traits at a regional scale.

(A) pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in unripe seeds, (B) carbon content of unripe seeds, (C) nitrogen content of unripe seeds, (D) trichome density on leaves, (E) number of ants attracted to extrafloral nectaries (EFNs), and (F) percent of termites bites attacked by ants. Values are mean + SE (A–E). Plants were grown in a common greenhouse environment and are from three localities in São Paulo State, SE Brazil: BO = Botucatu, CA = Campinas and JU = Juquiá. P values and ns (non-significant) indicate the effect of population on ANOVA tests (A–D), Kruskal-Wallis (E) or χ² test (F).