Table 6.
Results from ancova models for forelimb functional muscle groups
| Muscle belly mass |
Muscle fascicle length |
Muscle PCSA |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muscle group | Model* | Fdegrees of freedom | R2 | P | Model | Fdegrees of freedom | R2 | P | Model | Fdegrees of freedom | R2 | P |
| Proximal muscles | ||||||||||||
| Shoulder rotators | –** | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Shoulder adductors | 3 | 123.251,11 | 0.92 | < 0.001 | 3 | 11.751,11 | 0.52 | 0.008 | 3 | 55.801,11 | 0.83 | < 0.001 |
| Shoulder abductors | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Shoulder flexors | 3 | 69.221,12 | 0.85 | < 0.001 | 3 | 7.851,12 | 0.36 | 0.017 | 3 | 23.941,12 | 0.66 | < 0.001 |
| Shoulder extensors | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Elbow flexors | 3 | 57.121,13 | 0.81 | < 0.001 | 3 | 8.261,13 | 0.36 | 0.014 | 3 | 19.691,13 | 0.59 | 0.001 |
| Elbow extensors | 3 | 376.271,14 | 0.97 | < 0.001 | 3 | 38.261,13 | 0.74 | < 0.001 | 3 | 85.581,11 | 0.87 | < 0.001 |
| Distal muscles | ||||||||||||
| Supinators | 3 | 32.441,12 | 0.72 | < 0.001 | 3 | 12.931,11 | 0.52 | 0.005 | 3 | 15.251,11 | 0.56 | 0.003 |
| Pronators | 3 | 154.531,13 | 0.92 | < 0.001 | 2 | S: 7.633,13B: 4.041,13 | 0.65 0.65 | 0.008 0.075 | 3 | 51.671,13 | 0.80 | < 0.001 |
| Wrist flexors | 3 | 59.261,13 | 0.82 | < 0.001 | 3 | 2.841,13 | 0.12 | 0.117 | 3 | 53.071,13 | 0.80 | < 0.001 |
| Wrist extensors | 3 | 147.861,13 | 0.92 | < 0.001 | 2 | S: 3.023,13B: 6.261,13 | 0.38 0.38 | 0.086 0.034 | 3 | 50.131,13 | 0.79 | < 0.001 |
| Digital flexors | 3 | 140.201,13 | 0.91 | < 0.001 | 3 | 4.741,13 | 0.22 | 0.050 | 3 | 34.871,13 | 0.72 | < 0.001 |
| Digital extensors | 3 | 199.821,13 | 0.94 | < 0.001 | 3 | 6.501,13 | 0.30 | 0.026 | 3 | 48.381,13 | 0.78 | < 0.001 |
*
Model 1 refers to a model where the interaction term was significant, model 2 where species was significant and model 3 where only body mass was the significant term in the model. In instances where model 2 was significant (i.e. species) the results for body mass (the covariate) are also presented as they were included in the model.
**
Results were not available for the shoulder rotators, shoulder abductors or shoulder extensors due to a reduction to one or less per species in some cases.