Stomatal properties of Arabidopsis epidermal patterning factor (EPF) family mutants grown at 200 (white), 450 (grey) or 1000 ppm (black) atmospheric CO2 concentration. (a) Mean stomatal densities (n = 3–8). (b) Mean stomatal sizes (n = 3–8). (c–h) Micrographs of epidermal peels of leaves from EPF2OE, EPFL9RNAi, Col-0, epf2, epf1epf2 and epf1epf2EPFL9OE, respectively, with red dots added to highlight stomatal pores. Scale bar, 25 µm. (i–n) False colour infrared images of EPF2OE, EPFL9RNAi, Col-0, epf2, epf1epf2 and epf1epf2 EFL9OE, respectively, grown at 1000 ppm CO2. Temperature scale bar on right. (o) Relationship between mean stomatal size and mean stomatal density. (p) Mean leaf temperatures of leaves relative to Col-0 grown at 200 ppm (n = 4–8). Error bars represent standard error. Asterisks indicate values that are significantly different from the same genotype grown at 450 ppm (p < 0.05; (a) and (b)) or values that are significantly different from Col-0 grown at the same CO2 concentration (p < 0.05; (p)).