Purification profile of P. rigida cyclotide. A, size exclusion chromatography profile of the leaf extract from the wet season. The cyclotide fraction is marked 1. B, reverse-phase chromatographic separation of fraction 1 from size exclusion chromatography using a non-linear gradient of acetonitrile (ACN; 13–50%), represented by the diagonal line. The partially purified fraction is marked 2 on the chromatogram. C, ultra-fast liquid chromatographer chromatographic purification of fraction 2, where fraction 3 corresponds to the purified paragidin-1. mAU, milliabsorbance units.