FIGURE 1.

Membrane-targeted PTK6 induces formation of peripheral adhesion complexes. A, increased PTK6 mRNA expression was detected in human metastatic prostate cancer samples by analyzing the NCBI human genome microarray data set GDS2545 (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01). Error bars represent standard error of the mean. B, intracellular localization of PTK6 was examined in prostate cells (PC3, LNCaP, and BPH1) and breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and T47D). Cells were fractionated into cytoplasmic (C), membrane/organelle (M), and nuclear (N) compartments. AKT, HER2, and SP1 were used as loading controls for cytoplasmic, membrane/organelle, nuclear compartments, respectively. C, the membrane pool of PTK6 is the active pool. Total cytoplasmic, membrane/organelle, and nuclear PC3 cell lysates of PC3 cells were subjected to immunoblotting with PTK6 and phospho-PTK6 (PY-342) antibodies. D, immunoblot analysis of total cell lysates of PC3 cells stably expressing vector (Vec), PTK6-YF, NLS-PTK-YF, or Palm-PTK6-YF was performed using anti-Myc tag (PTK6) and -α-tubulin antibodies. E, intracellular localization of exogenous PTK6 was examined by indirect immunofluorescence with anti-Myc tag antibody. Myc-tagged PTK6 immunoreactivity was visualized with FITC (green). Cells were counterstained with DAPI (blue). The size bar denotes 20 μm. F, peripheral adhesion complexes were induced in Palm-PTK6-YF-expressing cells. Phase-contrast images of PC3 cells stably expressing vector, PTK6-YF, NLS-PTK-YF, or Palm-PTK6-YF are shown. The size bar denotes 50 μm.