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Rice yield and stability of rice yield (S) in rice monoculture (RM) and rice–fish coculture (RF). (A) Rice yield and S and pesticide use (Inset) in a field survey. (B) Rice yield and S (Inset) in experiment 1. (C) The relationship between S and the use of pesticides as determined in the survey. a.i., active ingredient. Error bars are SE.
