Table 1.
Characteristics of 157 study participants at baseline
| Variables | Caregivers (n = 109) | Non-Caregivers (n = 48) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 74.1 ± 8.1 | 74.7 ± 6.0 | 0.738 |
| Gender (female) (%) | 69.7 | 62.5 | 0.373 |
| Education (years) | 15.3 ± 3.1 | 15.7 ± 3.2 | 0.426 |
| Number of health problems | 3.33 ± 1.88 | 2.81 ± 1.58 | 0.097 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.5 ± 4.7 | 26.7 ± 6.3 | 0.865 |
| Alcohol consumption (score) | 5.76 ± 5.85 | 5.23 ± 5.08 | 0.625 |
| Physical activity (score) | 3.37 ± 1.67 | 4.04 ± 1.58 | 0.019 |
| Ever smoker (%) | 45.0 | 41.7 | 0.702 |
| Role overload (score) | 5.22 ± 3.20 | 1.40 ± 2.08 | < 0.001 |
| Depressive symptoms (score) | 8.68 ± 5.90 | 2.54 ± 4.43 | < 0.001 |
| Interleukin-6 (pg/mL) | 1.38 ± 1.20 | 1.79 ± 2.03 | 0.254 |
| Tumor necrosis factor-α (pg/mL) | 6.00 ± 2.50 | 5.75 ± 1.99 | 0.754 |
| Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (score) | 6.68 ± 3.57 | 4.31 ± 2.52 | < 0.001 |
| Nighttime total sleep time (min) | 437.60 ± 67.86 | 417.03 ± 56.76 | 0.068 |
| Nighttime wake after sleep onset (min) | 62.21 ± 26.73 | 59.42 ± 25.82 | 0.541 |
| Nighttime sleep percent (%) | 87.53 ± 5.19 | 87.53 ± 5.36 | 0.994 |
| Daytime total sleep time (min) | 48.64 ± 40.60 | 50.68 ± 46.89 | 0.705 |
Data are given as means ± SD or percentages.