Table 2.
Prevalence of Geriatric Syndromes among Homeless Subjects (n = 247) and Population-Based Cohorts
| Geriatric syndrome | Homeless (n = 247) | MBS (n = 765) | P value* | NHANES (n = 2533) | P value† | NHIS (n = 6584) | P value‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Functional status, n (%) | |||||||
| ADL impairment | 74 (30.0) | 173 (22.6) | 0.004 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| IADL impairment | 140 (57.1) | 309 (40.4) | < 0.001 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Fall in prior year, n (%) | 131 (53.2) | 285 (37.5) | 0.50 | N/A | N/A | 850 (13.6) | < 0.001 |
| Mobility impairment, n (%) | |||||||
| Difficulty walking, self-report | 102 (41.3) | 219 (28.9) | 0.002 | 164 (8.1) | < 0.001 | 649 (9.9) | < 0.001 |
| Difficulty with balance, self-report | 90 (36.6) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 915 (14.5) | < 0.001 |
| Cognition | |||||||
| MMSE score, mean (SD) | 26.3 (3.1) | 27.1 (2.7) | < 0.001 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| MMSE impaired,§n (%) | 60 (24.3) | 92 (12.0) | 0.12 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| TMT-B score, mean (SD) | 130.4 (67.3) | 143.6 (78.6) | 0.05 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| TMT-B impaired,‖n (%) | 67 (28.3) | 92 (12.0) | 0.56 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Frailty, n (%) | 40 (16.4) | 76 (10.0) | 0.002 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Depression, n (%) | |||||||
| PHQ-9 ≥10 | 98 (39.8) | N/A | N/A | 161 (8.8)¶ | < 0.001 | N/A | N/A |
| Depressed feelings ≥7 days | 95 (38.6) | 25 (3.3) | 0.02 | 125 (6.9) | < 0.001 | N/A | N/A |
| Hearing impairment, n (%) | |||||||
| Self-report | 73 (29.7) | 410 (53.7) | 0.23 | 631 (25.3) | 0.22 | 1404 (21.3) | 0.17 |
| Whispered voice test | 63 (25.6) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Visual impairment, n (%) | |||||||
| Self-report | 74 (30.0) | N/A | N/A | 470 (19.0) | 0.14 | 933 (14.2) | < 0.001 |
| Acuity <20/40 (Snellen) | 44 (21.0) | 97 (13.8) | < 0.001 | 345 (17.2) | 0.008 | N/A | N/A |
| Urinary incontinence, n (%) | |||||||
| Self-report | 122 (49.8) | 314 (41.1) | < 0.001 | 661 (36.9) | < 0.001 | N/A | N/A |
| ICIQ score, mean (SD) | 4.5 (5.7) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
Abbreviations: MBS, MOBILIZE Boston Study; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NHIS, National Health Interview Survey; ADL, Activities of Daily Living; IADL, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; TMT-B, Trail Making Test Part B; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire 9; ICIQ, International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire
*Compares prevalence of or mean value of geriatric syndromes in homeless cohort to MBS cohort. Both homeless and MBS values are adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, education, and binge-drinking and comorbidities associated with the geriatric syndromes in bivariate analyses (p < 0.10)
†Compares prevalence of geriatric syndromes in homeless cohort to NHANES cohort. Both homeless and NHANES values are adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, education, primary language, and binge-drinking and comorbidities associated with the geriatric syndromes in bivariate analyses (p < 0.10)
‡Compares prevalence of geriatric syndromes in homeless cohort to NHIS cohort. Both homeless and NHIS values are adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, education, primary language, and binge-drinking and comorbidities associated with the geriatric syndromes in bivariate analyses (p < 0.10)
§Impairment defined as MMSE score < 24
‖Impairment defined as TMT-B duration >1.5 standard deviations above population-based norms
¶Includes participants in the NHANES Mobile Examination Component