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Hypothetical pathway for transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß)-induced glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickening, mesangial matrix expansion, podocyte loss, podocyte proliferation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by podocytes in progressive podocyte disease. CTGF connective tissue growth factor, ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinase, ILK integrin-linked kinase, PI3K phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinase, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
