TABLE 2.
In vitro activity of the new fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative aerobes
| Bacteria | Fluoroquinolones | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ciprofloxacin | Clinafloxacin | Gatifloxacin | Grepafloxacin | Levofloxacin | Moxifloxacin | Sparfloxacin | Trovafloxacin | |||||||||
| MIC50 | MIC90 | MIC50 | MIC90 | MIC50 | MIC90 | MIC50 | MIC90 | MIC50 | MIC90 | MIC50 | MIC90 | MIC50 | MIC90 | MIC50 | MIC90 | |
| Acinetobacter species | 0.25 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.5 | 0.015 | 4 | 0.12 | 0.5 | 0.06 | 4 | 0.015 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 8 |
| Citrobacter freundii | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.2 | 0.78 | 0.06 | 0.5 | 0.12 | 0.5 | 0.12 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 4 |
| Enterobacter aerogenes | 0.015 | 0.25 | 0.016 | 0.5 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.03 | 0.5 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.5 | 0.06 | 0.2 | 0.03 | 0.12 |
| Enterobacter cloacae | 0.015 | 0.25 | 0.008 | 0.016 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.2 | 0.06 | 0.5 | 0.015 | 0.2 | 0.03 | 1 |
| Escherichia coli | 0.015 | 0.12 | 0.015 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.008 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.06 | 0.5 | 0.025 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.12 |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.008 | 0.013 | 0.025 | 0.004 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.015 | 0.025 | 0.015 | 0.03 |
| Haemophilus influenzae (BLP) | 0.004 | 0.008 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.016 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.12 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.5 |
| Klebsiella species | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.5 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1 |
| Moraxella catarrhalis | 0.015 | 0.06 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.008 | 0.015 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.015 | 0.025 | 0.008 | 0.015 |
| Morganella morganii | 0.015 | 0.06 | 0.015 | 0.03 | 0.1 | 0.25 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.12 | 0.5 |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PS,PR) | 0.004 | 0.008 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.013 | 0.008 | 0.015 | 0.013 | 0.2 | 0.015 | 0.03 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.008 | 0.015 |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 0.004 | 0.008 | NA | NA | 0.004 | 0.008 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.008 | 0.015 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Proteus mirabilis | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.015 | 0.03 | 0.2 | 0.25 | 0.12 | 0.5 | 0.06 | 0.1 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 0.5 |
| Proteus vulgaris | 0.03 | 0.06 | NA | NA | 0.12 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.5 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 0.12 | 0.5 | 0.12 | 0.5 |
| Providencia rettgeri | 0.12 | 1 | 0.016 | 0.13 | 1.56 | 6.25 | 0.12 | 4 | 0.25 | 4 | NA | NA | 0.25 | 1 | 0.25 | 0.5 |
| Providencia stuartii | 0.25 | 1 | 0.016 | 0.13 | 0.2 | 0.39 | 0.12 | 4 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 4 | 16 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 2 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 0.25 | 4 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 2 | 8 | 0.5 | >4 | 1 | 16 | 2 | 8 | 1 | 8 | 0.5 | 8 |
| Burkholderia cepacia | 8 | 32 | 2 | 8 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 8 | 16 | NA | NA | 4 | 32 | 4 | 16 |
| Salmonella species | 0.015 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.015 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
| Serratia marcescens | 0.12 | 2 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.78 | 6.25 | 0.12 | >4 | 0.25 | 1 | 0.25 | 2 | 0.5 | 2 | 0.25 | 1 |
| Shigella species | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.008 | 0.015 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.03 | 0.008 | 0.016 | 0.015 | 0.03 |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | 4 | 16 | 0.25 | 1 | 0.5 | 4 | NA | NA | 2 | 8 | 0.25 | 2 | 0.5 | 2 | 0.25 | 2 |
| Yersinia enterocolitica | 0.015 | 0.03 | 0.004 | 0.008 | NA | NA | 0.015 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.016 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Approved and tentative breakpoints (42): Enterobacteriaceae – ciprofloxacin ≥4 μg/mL is resistant, grepafloxacin ≥4 μg/mL is resistant, levofloxacin ≥8 μg/mL is resistant, and no data are available for others. BLP Beta-lactamase positive; MIC50 Minimum inhibitory concentration of 50% of isolates; MIC90 MIC of 90% of isolates; NA Information not available; PR Penicillin resistant; PS Penicillin sensitive. Adapted from references: ciprofloxacin 43–46,59,63,80,81; clinafloxacin 10,43,50,52,54,81,82; gatifloxacin 11,56–58; grepafloxacin 46,59,61; levofloxacin 43,44,63,64,67,81,82,84; moxifloxacin 14,43,68–70; sparfloxacin 11,43,44,54,57,58,63,72–75,81; trovafloxacin 10,43–45,47,57,63,76,77,80,81