TABLE 5.

Pharmacokinetic parameters of the new fluoroquinolones and ciprofloxacin following a single oral dose

Drug	Dosage (mg)†	% F	Cmax (μg/mL)	Tmax (h)	AUC (mg*h/L)	T1/2 (h)	Vd/F (L/kg)	% Protein binding	% Excreted unchanged	Dose adjustment*		Ref
										Renal	Hepatic
Ciprofloxacin	500	70	2.20	1.5	10.0	4.0	3.5	30	30	Yes	No	3,6,106
	750	70	3.00	1.5	14.0	4.0	3.5	30	30	Yes	No
Clinafloxacin	200	ND	2.10	1.0	10.2	6.1	2.4	50	50	ND	ND	107,108
Gatifloxacin	200	95	1.71	1.8	14.5	7.1	2.3	20	83	ND	ND	109
Grepafloxacin	200	72	0.60	2.0	6.5	11.4	6.5	50	10	No	Yes	110–115
	400	72	1.00	2.0	11.4	11.4	6.5	50	10	No	Yes
	600	72	1.41	2.0	19.7	11.4	6.5	50	10	No	Yes
Levofloxacin	500	99	5.30	1.4	48.0	6.7	1.2	31	78	Yes	ND	116–122
	750	99	7.10	1.4	82.0	6.7	1.2	31	78	Yes	ND
Moxifloxacin	200	86	1.20	1.8	15.3	11.0	3.5‡	48	20	ND	ND	123–125
	400	86	3.10	1.8	30.8	11.0	3.5‡	48	20	ND	ND
Sparfloxacin	200	90	0.67	4.5	17.0	19.0	4.6	56	10	Yes	No	126–132
	400	90	1.30	4.5	33.0	19.0	4.6	56	10	Yes	No
Trovafloxacin	100	88	1.1	1.1	11.0	11.0	1.2	73	8	No	No	108,133–138
	200	88	2.2	1.1	27.0	11.0	1.2	73	8	No	No

^*Dose adjustment refers to whether or not the fluoroquinolone requires any dosage adjustments in patients with impaired renal or hepatic function.

^†Dosage only applies to peak concentration reached in the plasma/serum (C_max) and area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC). The other parameters represent an average of the values available in the literature irrespective of dosage. The dosages reported are based on the dosages commonly used in clinical trials for these drugs.

^‡Volume of distribution for moxifloxacin was approximated by dividing the literature value of 242 L by 70 kg. F Bioavailability; ND No data; Ref References; T_1/2 Half-life; T_max Time to reach C_max; Vd Volume of distribution