The genera of Hyphomycetes – 2011 update

Abstract

This supplement to the taxonomic monograph The Genera of Hyphomycetes summarises information on 23 accepted new genera and c. 160 species described in 2011. These include three dematiaceous genera (Funbolia, Noosia, Pyrigemmula, all related to Dothideomycetes), a bulbil-producing genus, Spiroplana (Pleosporales), and two endophytic genera, the sterile Periglandula (Clavicipitaceae), and the hyaline, sympodial Micronematobotrys (Pyronemataceae). Slow-growing, morphologically-reduced, darkly pigmented fungi continue to be the source of new taxa, including the new genus Atramixtia (Dothioraceae). Eight new genera of darkly pigmented chlamydospore-like anamorphs were described from marine or subtidal environments (Glomerulispora, Halozoön, Hiogispora, Matsusporium, Moheitospora, Moleospora, Moromyces), mostly associated with subclades of the Lulworthiales. Several genera that are morphologically similar to but phylogenetically distinct from genera of the Capnodiales (Pseudopassalora, Scleroramularia) were introduced, as well as segregates from the classical concepts of Alternaria (Sinomyces), Chalara and Phialophora (Brachyalara, Infundichalara, Lasiadelphia), and Paecilomyces (Purpureocillium for the former Paecilomyces lilacinus complex). In addition, in anticipation of the new nomenclatural rules, newly configured formerly-teleomorph genera were proposed as segregates from classical hyphomycete genera in the Hypocreales, namely Acremonium (Cosmospora), Fusarium (Cyanonectria, Dialonectria, Geejayessia, Macroconia, Stylonectria), and Volutella (Pseudonectria) and the Trichocomaceae, Eurotiales, Penicillium (Talaromyces for the former Penicillium subg. Biverticillium). Standardized generic mini-diagnoses are provided for the accepted new genera, along with details of distribution, substrates, numbers of new species and phylogenetic affinities within the Dikarya. GenBank accession numbers for ITS DNA-barcodes are provided where available. New information on generic concepts of previously recognised genera, phylogenetic relationships, and corrections of factual errors are also included. Only two newly described genera, Fecundostilbum and Utrechtiana, seem to be synonyms of previously described genera.

INTRODUCTION

In April 2011, our book ‘The Genera of Hyphomycetes’ was published (Seifert et al. 2011). This was the first comprehensive overview of hyphomycete genera in more than 30 years, providing bibliographic data, illustrations, standardised generic diagnoses, synonymies, distribution and substrate information, teleomorph and synanamorph connections, and DNA barcode designations for more than 1 400 accepted genera. This paper provides updates to the ‘Dictionary’ section of this book, covering information published in the approximately 12 mo since the text was completed.

Changes to what will now be called the International Code of Nomenclature of Algae, Fungi and Plants will have a dramatic effect on the names used for hyphomycetes. The Article 59 debate, which had been brewing in various forms since the publication of ‘The Whole Fungus’ (Kendrick 1979, see also Seifert 2003) led to conflicting opinions among mycologists (Hawksworth et al. 2011, Gams et al. 2011). In August 2011, the International Botanical Congress voted for significant changes to the rules for fungal nomenclature (see Hawksworth 2011, Norvell 2011). The final Melbourne Code has not yet been published, and in this update we have just made minor alterations to our approach to naming hyphomycete genera, reflecting only changes already proposed in the cited literature. We will await the final wording, and the results of discussions at conferences during 2012, before implementing major changes to the Dictionary as a whole.

These changes to nomenclature notwithstanding, 2011 was a relatively typical year in hyphomycete taxonomy. Twenty-five new genera were described, 23 of them accepted here. This is a similar rate to the period between 1980 and 2010, which saw the description of about 600 new genera. Several patterns are worth noting. Plant endophytes (Sun & Guo 2010, Steiner et al. 2011), and slow-growing, darkly pigmented fungi from arid substrates such as rocks and tree bark (Tsuneda et al. 2011), continue to be a source of new fungal biodiversity. Some of these fungi are essentially sterile or have very reduced sporulating micromorphology, but the provision of formal names is justified by their phylogenetic distinctiveness. Phylogenetic interpretation of chlamydospore-like morphs of marine and subtidal fungi led to the description of eight new, and the redefinition of three previously existing hyphomycete genera (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010); it remains to be seen whether these genera will be useful in a single-name taxonomic system. The reconsideration of large, economically important genera in the Dothideomycetes (anamorphs similar to but phylogenetically distinct from those of Capnodiales, Crous et al. 2011), Nectriaceae (Fusarium, Gräfenhan et al. 2011, Schroers et al. 2011), Pleosporaceae (Alternaria complex, Wang et al. 2011), Trichocomaceae (Paecilomyces, Luangsa-ard et al. 2011; Penicillium, Samson et al. 2011), and morphologically reduced, phialidic hyphomycetes (Chalara and Phialophora sensu lato, Réblová & Gams 2011), resulted in the recognition of either new or redefined and resurrected genera.

Of particular note in 2011, the continued epidemic of the North American bat Myotis lucifugus caused by the hyphomycete Geomyces destructans (Lorch et al. 2011) causes increasingly concern about the potential extinction of this animal host. The number of Aspergillus species known to produce the regulated mycotoxin aflatoxin (Varga et al. 2011) continues to increase. The continued importance of hyphomycetes as agents of plant disease, and diseases of humans, is illustrated by many new discoveries presented in the bibliography below.

We are pleased to note that the descriptions of virtually all new or newly segregated genera considered here were accompanied by supporting molecular phylogenetic data, generally ITS (internal transcribed spacer) barcodes or LSU (large subunit) sequences. New data for only four previously described genera, originally described without molecular data, were provided to allow these taxa to be placed in their phylogenetic context. We expect that this activity will accelerate with the official designation of the ITS as the fungal barcode (Schoch & Seifert 2011), which we hope will stimulate mycologists to recognise the value of publishing such data. Unfortunately, about 30 % of new species were described without molecular data of any kind; this seems to be a particularly serious problem in studies of dematiaceous hyphomycetes. We encourage hyphomycetologists to routinely include at least ITS barcodes in the description of new species. Even if no molecular context exists for some of these genera, the framework can be built one species at a time by the community of hyphomycete taxonomists, to the benefit of all.

This, and future, updates to ‘The Genera of Hyphomycetes’ will also appear on the website www.generaofhyphomycetes.org.

THE UPDATE

The format of entries, abbreviations and conventions are explained by Seifert et al. (2011). The meanings of most of the abbreviations are self-evident, but the definitions of some warrant repetition here:

• CDM: conidioma type, generally none, sporodochium or synnemata.

• SET: setae accompanying conidiomata or conidiophores.

• CPH: conidiophores.

• CGC: conidiogenous cells.

• CDA: conidia, in this update presented as amero (aseptate), didymo (1-septate), phragmo (transversely septate), dictyo (muriform), or bulbils.

A-anamorphs and B-anamorphs are described for genera with morphologically distinct synanamorphs.

Acremonium Link 1809 : Fr.

Refs. Gräfenhan et al., Stud. Mycol. 68: 79–113. 2011 (revis. as Cosmospora, multigene). — Summerbell et al., Stud. Mycol. 68: 139–162. 2011 (revis., LSU, SSU). — Kiyuna et al., Mycoscience 52: 1–17. 2011 (n. sp., n. comb., would go to Gliosmastix sensu Summerbell et al. 2011). — Weisenborn et al., Nova Hedwigia 90: 457–468. 2010 (n. sp., similar to Pseudogliomastix but belonging to Plectosphaerellaceae, rDNA).

Acrodictys M.B. Ellis 1971

Ref. G.Z. Zhao et al., Mycol. Progr. 10: 67–83. 2011 (n. sp., spp. from China).

Alternaria Nees 1816 : Fr.

Refs. Gannibal, Mycotaxon 114: 109–114. 2011, ‘2010’ (n. spp.). — Tóth et al., Mycologia 103: 94–100. 2011 (n. sp.). — Taralova et al., Fungal Biol. 115: 1163–1173. 2011 (modelling of conidiation apparatus).

Arthrobotrys Corda 1839

Ref. X.M. Niu & K.Q. Zhang, Mycology (China) 2: 59–78. 2011 (review A. oligospora).

Aspergillus Micheli ex Link 1809 : Fr.

Refs. Horn et al., Mycologia 103: 174–183. 2011 (teleomorph A. nomius). — Varga et al., Stud. Mycol. 69: 1–18. 2011 (revis., n. spp., sect. Nigri, multigene). — Meijer et al., Stud. Mycol. 69: 19–30. 2011 (physiol. sect. Nigri). — Battaglia et al., Stud. Mycol. 69: 31–38. 2011 (physiol. sect. Nigri). — Samson et al., Stud. Mycol. 69: 39–56. 2011 (n. spp., sect. Terrei, multigene). — Varga et al., Stud. Mycol. 69: 57–80. 2011 (revis., n. spp., sect. Flavi, multigene). — Samson et al., Stud. Mycol. 69: 81–97. 2011 (n. spp., sect. Usti, multigene). — Perrone et al., Fungal Biol. 115: 1138–1150. 2011 (sect. Nigri, multigene, A. awamori).

Atramixtia Tsuneda, M.L. Davey & Currah 2011 — Botany 89: 328 (323–336, fig. 1–25) / A. arboricola Tsuneda, M.L. Davey & Currah 2011

CDM: sporodochium- or sclerotium-like, dark. SET: none. CPH = CGC: sporangium-like, endoconidia, dark brown. CDA: amero, hyaline, yeast-like. B-anamorph: CGC: monoblastic, brown. CDA: amero or didymo, hyaline, yeast-like.

On branches (Picea): North America. One species. ITS barcode: HM347778.

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Dothideales). Compare with Endoconidioma, Hormonema, Phaeotheca, Phaeothecoidea and other so-called meristematic genera. Probably not distinct from Hormonema.

Aureobasidium Viala & G. Boyer 1891

Ref. Crous et al., Persoonia 27: 20–45. 2011 (n. sp., n. comb., rDNA).

Bagadiella Cheew. & Crous 2009

Ref. Crous et al., Persoonia 26: 124–127. 2011 (n. spp., rDNA).

Beauveria Vuill. 1912

Ref. Rehner et al., Mycologia 103: 1055–1073. 2011 (revis., n. spp., multigene).

Brachyalara Réblová & W. Gams 2011 — Fung. Diversity 46: 72 (72–75, fig. 3–16) / B. straminea Réblová & W. Gams 2011

CDM: none. SET: none. CPH: unbranched or sparingly branched, pale brown. CGC: (poly)phialides, pale brown. CDA: amero, hyaline, basipetal chains, schizo, dry.

On fungi (Bulgaria): Europe. One species. LSU: HQ609475.

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Leotiomycetes). Compare with Exochalara, Chalara s.lat.

Calonectria De Not. 1867 — Comment. Soc. Crittog. Ital. 2 (no. 3): 477 (no illus.) / C. daldiniana De Not. 1867 = Calonectria pyrochroa (Desm.) Sacc. 1878

= Cylindrocladium Morgan 1892, fide Lombard et al. 2010

Notes — Anamorphic and/or teleomorphic Ascomycota (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales). For other references to this genus, see under Cylindrocladium in our book.

Refs. Lombard et al., Stud. Mycol. 66: 1–71. 2010 (n. spp., teleomorphs, key, multigene). — S.F. Chen et al., Persoonia 26: 1–12. 2011 (n. spp., teleomorphs).

Capnobotryella Sugiy. 1987

Ref. Sert et al., Sert et al., Mycol. Progr. 10: 333–339. 2011 (n. spp., rDNA).

Catenulifera Hosoya 2002

Ref. Hosoya et al., Mycol. Progr. 10: 239–248. 2011 (n. sp. as Hyphodiscus, rDNA).

Catenulostroma Crous & U. Braun 2007

Refs. Crous & Groenewald, Persoonia 26: 70–84. 2011 (n. sp., rDNA). — Crous & Carnegie, Persoonia 26: 148–149. 2011 (n. sp., rDNA).

Ceratocladium Corda 1839

Ref. Mena et al., Mena et al., Mycol. Progr. 10: 493–496. 2011 (n. sp., n. comb., key).

Cercospora Fresen. 1863

Refs. Nakashima et al., Mycoscience 52: 253–259. 2011 (illus.). — Montenegro-Calderón et al., Fungal Biol. 115: 1151–1162. 2011 (multigene, C. rodmanii). — Shival & Young, Persoonia 26: 110–111. 2011 (n. sp., rDNA).

Chaetendophragmia Matsush. 1971

Ref. Chen & Tzean, Taiwania 54: 152–158. 2009 (record).

Chalara (Corda) Rabenh. 1844

Ref. Koukol, Fung. Diversity 49: 75–91. 2011 (n. spp., multigene).

Chlamydopsis Hol.-Jech. & R.F. Castañeda 1986

On decaying leaves (Caesalpinia, Syzygium): Caribbean, South America.

Ref. Silva & Grandi, Mycotaxon 114: 43–47. 2011, ‘2010’ (emend.).

Chloridium Link 1809 : Fr.

Ref. Réblová et al., Fung. Diversity 46: 67–86. 2011 (n. comb., rDNA).

Cirrenalia Meyers & R.T. Moore 1960

Ref. Abdel-Wahab et al., Mycol. Progr. 9: 537–558. 2010 (n. spp.).

Cladophialophora Borelli 1980

Ref. Badali et al., Fungal Biol. 115: 1019–1029. 2011 (n. sp., multigene).

Cladorrhinum Sacc. & Marchal 1885

Refs. Park & Shin, Mycotaxon 116: 449–456. 2011 (n. sp., fungicolous). — Madrid et al., Mycologia 103: 795–805. 2011 (n. spp., LSU).

Cladosporium Link 1815 : Fr.

Refs. Crous & Groenewald, Persoonia 26: 70–84. 2011 (n. sp., rDNA). — Crous et al., IMA Fungus 2, 1: 49–64. 2011 (n. spp., LSU).

Corynesporopsis P.M. Kirk 1981

Refs. Castañeda et al., Mycotaxon 114: 407–415. 2011, ‘2010’ (n. sp., key). — J. Ma et al., Mycotaxon 114: 423–428. 2011, ‘2010’ (records).

Cosmospora Rabenh. 1862 — Hedwigia 2: 59 (tab. X II, figs. 1–5) / C. coccinea Rabenh. 1862

CDM: none. SET: none. CPH: unbranched or sparingly branched, (verticillate), hyaline. CGC: phialides, hyaline. CDA: amero, hyaline, slimy or in basipetal chains, schizo.

On fungi (Hypoxylon and other Xylariaceae, Inonotus, Stereum) on wood, and in soil, butter: Europe, North and South America. Seven or more species. ITS barcode: HQ897827 (CBS 341.70).

Notes — Anamorphic and/or teleomorphic Ascomycota (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales). Compare with Acremonium and its segregates. This genus was redefined in a narrow sense by Gräfenhan et al. (2011) for some species formerly included in Acremonium.

Refs. (mostly as Acremonium): Gams, Cephalosporium-artige Schimmelpilze, 262 pp. 1971 (monogr., key, as Acremonium). — Gams & van Zaayen, Neth. J. Pl. Path. 88: 57–78. 1982 (as Nectriopsis). — Samuels et al., Hypocreales of the SE United States, p. 109. 2006 (illus.). — Gräfenhan et al., Stud. Mycol. 68: 79–113. 2011 (revis., n. combs, multigene). — Summerbell et al., Stud. Mycol. 68: 139–162. 2011 (revis., n. combs., LSU, SSU).

Cumulospora I. Schmidt 1985

Refs. Abdel-Wahab et al., Mycol. Progr. 9: 537–558. 2010 (revis., key to similar genera).

Cyanonectria Samuels & Chaverri 2009 — Mycol. Progr. 8: 56 (49–58, fig. 2) / C. cyanostoma (Sacc. & Flageolet) Samuels & Chaverri 2009 ≡ Nectria cyanostoma Sacc. & Flageolet 1902

CDM: sporodochia, pale. SET: none. CPH: branched or verticillate, hyaline. CGC: phialides, hyaline. CDA: phragmo, hyaline, falcate (with foot-shaped basal cell), slimy, schizo. OTHER: (chlamydospores).

On twigs and leaves (Buxus): Europe. Two species. ITS barcode: FJ474076 (CBS 101734).

Notes — Anamorphic and/or teleomorphic Ascomycota (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales). Compare with Dialonectria, Fusarium, Fusicolla, Geejayessia, Macroconia, Microcera, Stylonectria.

Ref. Schroers et al., Stud. Mycol. 68: 115–138. 2011 (revis., n. sp., n. combs, multigene).

Cylindrocladium Morgan 1892

= Calonectria De Not. 1867, fide Lombard et al. 2010.

Dactylella Grove 1884

Refs. Y.D. Zhang et al., Mycotaxon 114: 259–261. 2011, ‘2010’ (n. sp., misclassified). — H. Su et al., Cryptog. Mycol. 32: 177–183. 2011 (n. sp., ITS).

Dendroclathra Voglmayr & Delg.-Rodr. 2001 / D. caeruleofusca Voglmayr & Delg.-Rodr. 2001 = D. lignicola (Abdullah, Gené & Guarro) Voglmayr 2011

Caribbean, Europe. ITS barcode: EU873531.

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Microascales).

Ref. Voglmayr, Mycotaxon 116: 191–202. 2011 (n. comb., multigene).

Devriesia Seifert & N.L. Nick. 2004

Refs. Crous & Groenewald, Persoonia 26: 70–84. 2011 (n. sp., rDNA). — Crous et al., Persoonia 26: 140–141. 2011 (n. sp., rDNA).

Dialonectria (Sacc.) Cooke 1884 — Grevillea 12: 82 (109–111, no illus.) / D. episphaeria (Tode) Cooke, 1884 ≡ Sphaeria episphaeria Tode 1791

CDM: sporodochia, pale. SET: none. CPH: branched or verticillate, hyaline. CGC: phialides, hyaline. CDA: phragmo, hyaline, falcate (with foot-shaped basal cell), slimy, schizo. OTHER: amero microconidia.

On fungi (ascomycete stromata) on angiosperms: Europe, North America. Two or more species. ITS barcode: HQ897811 (CBS 125494).

Notes — Anamorphic and/or teleomorphic Ascomycota (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales). Compare with Cyanonectria, Dialonectria, Fusarium, Geejayessia, Macroconia, Microcera, Stylonectria. This genus was redefined in a narrow sense by Gräfenhan et al. (2011) for some species formerly included in either Nectria subg. Dialonectria, the Nectria episphaeria group, or Cosmospora and their fusarium-like anamorphs.

Refs. (mostly as Fusarium or Cosmospora): Wollenweber & Reinking, Die Fusarien, Paul Parey, Berlin. 1935 (monogr., in German). — Gerlach & Nirenberg, Mitt. Biol. Bundesanst. Ld-u. Forstw. 209: 1–406. 1982 (pictorial atlas). — Samuels et al., Mycol. Pap. 164: 1–48. 1991 (revis. as Nectria subgen. Dialonectria). — Samuels et al., Hypocreales of the SE United States, p. 103. 2006 (illus.). — Gräfenhan et al., Stud. Mycol. 68: 79–113. 2011 (revis., n. sp., multigene).

Dictyosporium Corda 1836

Ref. White et al., Persoonia 26: 154–155. 2011 (n. sp., rDNA).

Drechslera S. Ito 1950

Ref. Crous et al., Persoonia 27: 20–45. 2011 (n. sp. as Pyrenophora, multigene).

Ellisembia Subram. 1992

Ref. J. Ma et al., Mycotaxon 114: 417–421. 2011, ‘2010’ (n. spp.).

Exochalara W. Gams & Hol.-Jech. 1976

Ref. Réblová et al., Fung. Diversity 46: 67–86. 2011 (rDNA).

Exophiala J.W. Carmich. 1966

Refs. Crous & Groenewald, Persoonia 26: 70–84. 2011 (n. sp., synanamorph: Cladophialophora, rDNA). — W. Wang, Persoonia 26: 112–113. 2011 (n. sp., rDNA). — D.M. Li et al., Med. Mycol. 47, sp. issue: 101–109. 2009 (n. sp., rDNA). — Seyedmousavi et al., Fungal Biol. 115: 1030–1037. 2011 (n. sp., multigene). — Machouart et al., Fungal Biol. 115: 1038–1050. 2011 (rDNA introns).

Fecundostilbum D. Pramella & P.N. Chowdry 2009 — Indian Phytopathol. 62: 64 (64–68, fig. 1–17) / F. saccharum D. Pramella & P.N. Chowdry 2009

= Leptoxyphium Speg. 1918, fide Seifert based on protologue.

Fonsecaea Negroni 1936

Synanamorphs. Cladophialophora, chlamydospores, fide Najafzadeh et al. 2011.

Ref. Najafzadeh et al., Fungal Biol. 115: 1066–1076. 2011 (n. sp., multigene).

Fraseriella Cif. & A.M. Corte 1957

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Onygenales).

Ref. Pettersson et al., Fungal Biol. 115: 1100–1111. 2011 (rDNA, physiol., as Xeromyces).

Funbolia Crous & Seifert 2011 — Persoonia 26: 115 (114–115, illus.) / F. dimorpha Crous & Seifert 2011

CDM: none. SET: none. CPH: unbranched or sparingly branched, brown. CGC: sympodial, scars, brown. CDA: dimorphic, amero or phragmo, brown, single, dry, schizo.

On bark (angiosperm): North America. One species. ITS barcode: JR951136.

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Dothideomycetes). Compare with Catenulisubulispora, Endophragmiella, Spadicoides, Thysanorea.

Fusarium Link 1809 : Fr.

Notes — The studies by Gräfenhan et al. (2011) and Schroers (2011) removed several phylogenetically disparate groups from Fusarium, resulting in the recognition of Atractium, Cyanonectria, Dialonectria, Fusicolla, Geejayessia, Macroconia, Microcera and Stylonectria as distinct genera.

Refs. O’Donnell et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 46: 2477–2490. 2008 (F. solani complex, multigene). — O’Donnell et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 48: 3708–3718. 2010 (multigene ID database, human and animal infections). — Balmas et al., Mycologia 102: 803–812. 2010 (spp. in Sardinia). — Summerell et al., Fung. Diversity 46: 1–27. 2011 (spp. in Australia). — Gräfenhan et al., Stud. Mycol. 68: 79–113. 2011 (revis., generic concepts). — Schroers et al., Stud. Mycol. 68: 115–138. 2011 (revis., generic concepts). — Holtz et al., Canad. J. Plant Pathol. 33: 61–76. 2011 (multigene variation within F. avenaceum). — M.H. Li et al., Canad. J. Plant Pathol. 33: 168–178. 2011 (AFLP F. oxysporum). — van Hove et al., Mycologia 103: 570–585. 2011 (n. sp., teleomorph, multigene). — Scauflaire et al., Mycologia 103: 586–597. 2011 (n. sp., teleomorph, multigene). — Elmer & Marra, Mycologia 103: 806–819. 2011 (n. sp., multigene). — Laurence et al., Fung. Diversity 49: 101–112. 2011 (n. sp., multigene).

Fusicladium Bonord. 1851

Ref. Crous et al., Persoonia 27: 20–45. 2011 (n. sp., rDNA).

Fusicolla Bonord. 1851

CDM: sporodochia, pale. SET: none. CPH: branched or penicillate, hyaline. CGC: phialides (or polyphialides), hyaline. CDA: phragmo, hyaline, falcate (with foot-shaped basal cell), slimy, schizo. OTHER: (amero microconidia), (chlamydospores).

Notes — Compare with Cyanonectria, Dialonectria, Fusarium, Geejayessia, Macroconia, Microcera, Stylonectria.

Geejayessia Schroers, Gräfenhan & Seifert 2011 — Stud. Mycol. 68: 124 (124–133, fig. 5, 6) / G. cicatricum (Berk.) Schroers 2011 ≡ Sphaeria sanguinea var. cicatricum Berk. 1837

CDM: sporodochia, pale. SET: none. CPH: branched or verticillate, hyaline. CGC: phialides, hyaline. CDA: phragmo, hyaline, falcate (with foot-shaped basal cell), slimy, schizo.

On twigs and leaves (Buxus, Celtis, Hoheria, Staphylea): Australasia, Europe, North America. Five species. ITS barcode: HM626655 (CBS 125740).

Notes — Anamorphic and/or teleomorphic Ascomycota (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales). Compare with Cyanonectria, Dialonectria, Fusarium, Fusicolla, Macroconia, Microcera, Stylonectria.

Geomyces Traaen 1914

Notes — White-nose syndrome of bats in North America is caused by G. destructans.

Ref: Lindner et al., Mycologia 103: 241–246. 2011 (ITS, bat pathogen).

Geosmithia J. Pitt 1979

Ref. Kolařík et al., Mycologia 103: 325–332. 2011 (n. sp., ITS).

Glarea Bills & Peláez 1999

On leaf litter, in soil and pond water: Europe, North and South America.

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Helotiaceae, Helotiales).

Ref. Peláez et al., Mycology (China) 2: 1–17. 2011 (multigene, metabolites).

Gliomastix Guég. 1905

Notes — Formerly considered a synonym of Acremonium, phylogenetic analysis suggest the distinctiveness of this genus. Only a small part of Acremonium sect. Gliomastix sensu Gams (1971) is formally recognized here so far.

Ref. Summerbell et al., Stud. Mycol. 68: 139–162. 2011 (revis., n. combs., LSU, SSU).

Glomerulispora Abdel-Wahab & Nagah. 2011 — Mycol. Progr. 9: 553 (553–554, fig. 12) / G. mangrovis Abdel-Wahab, Abdel-Aziz & Nagah. 2011

CDM: none. SET: none. CPH: ?unbranched, hyaline or pale brown, or = cgc. CGC: monoblastic or solitary thallic, hyaline or pale brown. CDA: dictyo or bulbils, brown, single, dry, schizo.

On wood in intertidal water: Asia. One species. LSU: GU252149.

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Hypocreales, TBM clade). Compare with Cumulospora, Halenospora, Moleospora, Moromyces, Zalerion.

Graphium Corda 1837

Ref. Lackner & de Hoog, IMA Fungus 2, 1: 39–48. 2011 (revis. G. putredinis complex in Parascedosporium, ITS).

Halazoön Abdel-Aziz, Abdel-Wahab & Nagah. 2011 — Mycol. Progr. 9: 545 (545–547, fig. 5) / H. melhae Abdel-Aziz, Abdel-Wahab & Nagah. 2011

CDM: none. SET: none. CPH = CGC: monoblastic or solitary thallic, brown. CDA: phragmo or helico (irreg), brown, single, dry, schizo.

On plant debris and wood in intertidal water (Phragmites): Europe, Middle East. Two species (one invalid Art. 33.4). LSU: GU252143.

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Lulworthiales). Compare with Cirrenalia, Hydea, Matsusporium, Zalerion.

Hansfordia S. Hughes 1951

Ref. X.L. Cheng et al., Mycotaxon 116: 431–436. 2011 (n. sp).

Heliocephala V. Rao, K.A. Reddy & de Hoog 1984

= Holubovaniella R.F. Castañeda 1985, fide Heredia et al. 2011

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Dothideomycetes, Micropeltidaceae).

Ref. Heredia et al., Mycologia 103: 631–640. 2011 (n. sp., key, LSU).

Heteroconium Petr. 1949

Ref. Y.D. Zhang et al., Mycotaxon 114: 315–318. 2011, ‘2010’ (n. sp.).

Hiogispora Abdel-Wahab & Nagah. 2011 — Mycol. Progr. 9: 556 (556–557, no illus.) / H. japonica (Sugiy.) Abdel-Wahab & Nagah. 2011 ≡ Cirrenalia japonica Sugiy. 1981

CDM: none or fasciculate. SET: none. CPH: unbranched or sparingly branched, pale brown. CGC: monoblastic or solitary thallic, hyaline or pale brown. CDA: dictyo, brown, single, dry, schizo.

On bark (Abies): Asia. One species. LSU: GU252139.

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Pleosporales). Compare with Cumulospora, Halenospora, Moromyces, Zalerion.

Ref. Sugiyama, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 22: 47–53. 1981 (n. sp., as Cirrenalia).

Hirsutella Pat. 1892

Refs. J.Y. Chen et al., Mycotaxon 115: 1–4. 2011 (teleomorph: Ophiocordyceps n. sp.). — Luangsa-ard et al., Fungal Biol. 115: 608–614. 2011 (teleomorph: Ophiocordyceps n. sp., multigene).

Holubovaniella R.F. Castañeda 1985

= Heliocephala V. Rao, K.A. Reddy & de Hoog 1984, fide Heredia et al. 2011

Hydea K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones 2011 — Mycol. Progr. 9: 549 (549–550, fig. 8) / H. pygmea (Kohlm.) K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones 2011 ≡ Cirrenalia pygmea Kohlm. 1966

CDM: none. SET: none. CPH = CGC: monoblastic or solitary thallic, brown. CDA: helico, brown, single, dry, schizo.

On wood in intertidal water (Rhizophora): Pantropical. One species. LSU: GU252133.

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Lulworthiales). Compare with Cirrenalia, Halazoön, Helicosingula, Slimacomyces, Troposporella.

Ref. Kohlmeyer, Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 79: 27–37. 1966 (n. sp., as Cirrenalia).

Hymenostilbe Petch 1931

Ref. Luangsa-ard et al., Fungal Biol. 115: 608–614. 2011 (multigene).

Hyphopolynema Nag Raj 1977

Ref. Pinho et al., Mycotaxon 114: 55–59. 2011, ‘2010’ (n. sp.).

Infundichalara Réblová & W. Gams 2011 — Fung. Diversity 46: 78 (78–80, fig. 42–48) / I. microchona (W. Gams) Réblová & W. Gams 2011¹ ≡ Chalara microchona W. Gams 1976, Stud. Mycol. 13: 73. 1976

CDM: none. SET: none. CPH: unbranched or sparingly branched, pale brown, or = cgc. CGC: phialides with funnel-shaped collarettes, (pale) brown. CDA: amero, hyaline, basipetal chains, schizo, dry.

On fungi (Fomitopsis), wood (Abies, Larix, Picea, Pinus) and in soil: Europe, North America. One species. LSU: HQ609479.

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Leotiomycetes). Compare with Brachyalara, Exochalara, Chalara sensu lato.

Knufia L.J. Hutchison & Unter. 1996

CDM: sporodochia, dark. CDA: acropetal chains.

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales).

Refs. Tsuneda & Currah, Rep. Tottori Mycol. Inst. 42: 1–9. 2004 (n. sp.) — Tsuneda et al., Botany 114: 55–59. 2011, ‘2010’ (n. sp., invalid n. combs.).

Koorchaloma Subram. 1953

Ref. Allegrucci et al., Mycotaxon 115: 175–181. 2011 (n. sp., key).

Kylindria DiCosmo, S.M. Berch & W.B. Kendr. 1983

Ref. Y.D. Zhang et al., Mycotaxon 114: 367–371. 2011, ‘2010’ (n. spp., perhaps to be classified in Monilochaetes).

Lasiadelphia Réblová & W. Gams 2011 — Fung. Diversity 46: 82 (82–83, fig. 79) / L. lasiosphaeriae (W. Gams) Réblová & W. Gams 2011 ≡ Phialophora lasiosphaeriae W. Gams 1976 = Lasiadelphia anamorph of Lasiosphaeris hispida (Tode : Fr.) Clem. 1909

CDM: none. SET: none. CPH: unbranched or sparingly branched, hyaline or pale brown, or = cgc. CGC: (poly)phialides, pale brown. CDA: amero, hyaline, basipetal chains, schizo, dry.

On wood: Europe, North America. One species. ITS barcode: AY681203 (CBS 955.72).

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Sordariales). Compare with Catenulifera, Lecythophora, Phialophora and its segregate genera.

Lasioderma Mont. 1845 — Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 3, 4: 364 (illus. by Durieu & Montagne 1846) / L. flavovirens Durieu & Mont. 1845

= Talaromyces C.R. Benj. 1955, nom. cons. prop., fide Llimona (pers. comm. to KAS)

Notes — Described as a hyphomycete genus by Montagne, but regarded a basidiomycete by von Höhnel (1910), and subsequently compiled as such.

Refs. Dureiu & Montagne, Expl. Sci. Algerie 1–4: 121–160, 1846 (tab. 20, fig. 4). — Höhnel, Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 119: 393–394. 1910 (revis).

Lecythophora Nannf. 1934

Ref. Damm et al., Persoonia 24: 60–80. 2010 (n. spp., teleomorphs).

Leptographium Lagerb. & Melin 1928

Ref. Jacobs et al., Mycol. Progr. 9: 69–78. 2010 (n. spp., multigene).

Leptoxyphium Speg. 1918

= Fecundostilbum D. Pramella & P.N. Chowdry 2009, fide Seifert based on the protologue

Ref. Crous & Shivas, Persoonia 26: 144–145. 2011 (n. sp., rDNA).

Lomaantha Subram. 1954

Ref. J. Ma et al., Mycologia 103: 407–410. 2011 (n. sp., key).

Macroconia (Wollenw.) Gräfenhan, Seifert & Schroers 2011 — Stud. Mycol. 68: 101 (101–103, no illus.) / M. leptosphaeriae (Niessl) Gräfenhan & Schroers 2011 ≡ Nectria leptosphaeriae Niessl 1886

= Nectria sect. Macroconia Wollenw., Angew. Bot. 8: 179. 1926

CDM: sporodochia, pale. SET: none. CPH: branched or verticillate, hyaline. CGC: phialides, hyaline. CDA: phragmo, hyaline, falcate (with foot-shaped basal cell), slimy, schizo. OTHER: (amero microconidia), (chlamydospores).

On fungi (ascomycete stromata, Leptosphaeria) on angiosperms or herbaceous plants: Asia, Europe, North America. Five species. ITS barcode: HQ897810 (CBS 100001).

Notes — Anamorphic and/or teleomorphic Ascomycota (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales). Compare with Cyanonectria, Dialonectria, Fusarium, Fusicolla, Geejayessia, Macroconia, Microcera, Stylonectria. This genus was erected by Gräfenhan et al. (2011) for some species formerly included in Cosmospora and their fusarium-like anamorphs.

Refs. (mostly as Fusarium or Cosmospora): Wollenweber & Reinking, Die Fusarien, Paul Parey, Berlin. 1935 (monogr., in German). — Gerlach & Nirenberg, Mitt. Biol. Bundesanst. Ld-u. Forstw. 209: 1–406. 1982 (pictorial atlas). — Samuels et al., Mycol. Pap. 164: 1–48. 1991 (revis. as Nectria subgen. Dialonectria). — Samuels et al., Hypocreales of the SE United States, p. 106. 2006 (illus.). — J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang, Fung. Diversity 31: 83–93. 2008 (n. sp.). — Gräfenhan et al., Stud. Mycol. 68: 79–113. 2011 (revis., n. combs, multigene).

Marchandiomyces Diederich & D. Hawksw. 1990

Ref. Diederich et al., Mycologia 103: 525–533. 2011 (multigene, illus.).

Mariannaea G. Arnaud ex Samson 1974

Refs. Gräfenhan et al., Stud. Mycol. 68: 79–113. 2011 (n. sp., multigene).

Matsusporium E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang 2011 — Mycol. Progr. 9: 550 (fig. 9) / M. tropicale (Kohlm.) E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang 2011 ≡ Cirrenalia tropicalis Kohlm. 1968

CDM: none. SET: none. CPH: ?unbranched, pale brown, or = cgc. CGC: monoblastic or solitary thallic, brown. CDA: helico, dark brown, single, dry, schizo.

On wood in intertidal water: Pantropical. One species. LSU: GU252141.

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Lulworthiales). Compare with Cirrenalia, Halenospora, Helicosingula, Hydea, Slimacomyces, Troposporella.

Ref. Kohlmeyer, Mycologia 60: 252–270. 1968 (n. sp., as Cirrenalia).

Megacapitula J.L. Chen & Tzean 1993

ITS barcode: JN128868 (GUFCC 15515).

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Pleosporales).

Ref. Prabhugaonkar & Bhat, Mycosphere 2: 463–467. 2011 (ITS).

Microcera Desm. 1848

CDM: pale sporodochia or determinate synnemata. SET: none. CPH: branched, verticillate or penicillate, hyaline. CGC: phialides, hyaline. CDA: didymo or phragmo, hyaline, falcate (with foot-shaped basal cell), slimy, schizo.

On scale insects (Chrysomphalus, Eulecanium, Quadraspidiotus, Unaspis), insect larvae, soil or plant debris: Cosmopolitan. Four species.

Notes — Compare with Cyanonectria, Dialonectria, Fusarium, Geejayessia, Macroconia, Microcera, Stylonectria. The generic concept suggested in our book included the species segregated here into Dialonectria, Fusicolla, Macroconia and Stylonectria, and thus was much broader than eventually published by Gräfenhan et al. (2011); and the narrowed morphological and ecological concept is outlined here.

Ref. Gräfenhan et al., Stud. Mycol. 68: 79–113. 2011 (revis., n. sp., n. combs, multigene).

Micronematobotrys Xiang Sun & L.D. Guo 2010 — Mycol. Progr. 9: 569 (567–574, fig. 1). / M. verrucosa Xiang Sun & L.D. Guo 2010 (as ‘verrucosus’)

CDM: none. SET: none. CPH: reduced, hyaline, or = cgc. CGC: sympodial, hyaline. CDA: amero, hyaline, single, dry, schizo.

On twigs (Ulmus): Asia. One species. LSU: FJ025221.

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Pyronemataceae, Pezizales). Differs from Molliardiomyces by its less developed conidiophores and verrucose conidia.

Minimelanolocus R.F. Castañeda & Heredia 2001

Ref. Y.D. Zhang et al., Mycotaxon 115: 373–376. 2010 (n. sp.).

Minutoexcipula V. Atienza & D. Hawksw. 1994

CDA: didymo or phragmo.

Ref. Zhurbenko et al., Mycosphere 1: 213–222. 2010 (illus.).

Moheitospora Abdel-Wahab, Abdel-Aziz & Nagah. 2011 — Mycol. Progr. 9: 551 (551–552, fig. 10, 11) / M. fruticosae Abdel-Wahab, Abdel-Aziz & Nagah. 2011

CDM: none. SET: none. CPH: ?unbranched, hyaline or pale brown, or = cgc. CGC: monoblastic or solitary thallic, hyaline or pale brown. CDA: amero didymo or phragmo, brown, single, surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath, schizo.

On wood and plant debris (Juncus) in intertidal water: Middle East, North America. Two species. LSU: GU252145.

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Hypocreales, TBM clade). Compare with Cirrenalia, Spegazzinia, chlamydospores of Devriesia.

Moleospora Abdel-Aziz, Abdel-Wahab & Nagah. 2011 — Mycol. Progr. 9: 547 (547–549, fig. 7) / M. maritima Abdel-Aziz, Abdel-Wahab & Nagah. 2011

CDM: none. SET: none. CPH: ?unbranched, brown, or = cgc. CGC: monoblastic or solitary thallic, hyaline to pale brown. CDA: bulbil-like with helical initials, dark brown, single, dry, schizo.

On plant debris (Phragmites) in sea water: Middle East. One species. LSU: GU252137.

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Lulworthiales). Compare with Cumulospora, Halenospora.

Moniliella Stolk & Dakin 1966

= Trichosporonoides Haskins & J.F.T. Spencer 1967, fide Rosa et al. 2009

CDM: none. SET: none. A-anamorph: CPH: branched, (sub)hyaline. CGC: polyblastic synchronous, minute scars or denticles, hyaline, vesiculate. CDA: amero, brown, single, dry, schizo. B-anamorph: CPH = CGC: mixed thallic-arthric and blastic acropetal, (sub)hyaline. CDA: amero, hyaline to brown, in branched or unbranched chains, ramoconidia, dry or yeast-like, schizo.

Ref. Rosa et al., Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59: 425–429. 2009 (synonymy, LSU, n. sp.).

Monilochaetes Halst. 1890

Ref. Réblová et al., Fung. Diversity 46: 67–86. 2011 (n. sp., rDNA).

Moromyces Abdel-Wahab, K.L. Pang, Nagah., Abdel-Aziz & E.B.G. Jones 2011 — Mycol. Progr. 9: 555 (555–556, fig. 14) / M. varius (Chatmala & Somrith.) Abdel-Wahab, K.L. Pang, Nagah., Abdel-Aziz & E.B.G. Jones 2011 ≡ Cumulospora varia Chatmala & Somrith. 2004

CDM: none. SET: none. CPH = CGC: monoblastic or solitary thallic, hyaline or pale brown. CDA: dictyo or bulbils, brown, single, dry, schizo.

On wood in intertidal water: Asia. One species.

LSU: EU848578.

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Lulworthiales). Compare with Cumulospora, Glomerulispora, Halenospora, Moleospora, Moromyces, Zalerion.

Muscodor Worapong, Strobel & W.M. Hess 2001

Ref. Suwannarach et al., Mycotaxon 114: 15–23. 2011, ‘2010’ (n. sp., ITS).

Myceliophthora Costantin 1894

Ref. van der Brink et al., Fung. Diversity 2011 (multigene, AFLP, n. combs.).

Neosporidesmium Mercado & J. Mena 1988

Refs. J. Ma et al., Mycol. Progr. 10: 257–262. 2011 (n. spp., key). — Y.D. Zhuang et al., Sydowia 63: 125–130. 2011 (n. sp., tabular key).

Neotyphodium Glenn, C.W. Bacon & Hanlin 1996

Ref. Ghimire et al., Mycologia 103: 75–84. 2011 (interspp. hybrid).

Noosia Crous, R.G. Shivas & McTaggart 2011 — Persoonia 26: 139 (138–139, illus.) / N. banksiae Crous, R.G. Shivas & McTaggart 2011

CDM: none. SET: none. CPH = CGC: monoblastic or sympodial, short denticles, brown. CDA: dimorphic, amero or phragmo, brown, single, dry, schizo.

On leaves (Banksia): Australasia. One species. ITS barcode: JR951147.

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Pleosporales). Compare with Catenulisubulispora, Endophragmiella, Spadicoides, Thysanorea.

Oidium Link 1824

Refs. Desprez-Loustau et al., Mycoscience 52: 165–173. 2011 (ITS, as Erysiphe). — Seko et al., Mycoscience 52: 174–182. 2011 (ITS, as Erysiphe). — Braun, Mycoscience 52: 210–212. 2011 (review, as Erysiphe).

Paecillium Luangsa-ard, Hywel-Jones & Samson ‘2008’ — In: Domsch, Gams & Anderson, Compendium of Soil Fungi, 2nd ed., p. 323 (323–324, fig. 227) / P. lilacinum (Thom) Luangsa-ard, Houbraken & Samson 2008 (sic.) nom. nud.

= Purpureocillium Luangsa-ard, Hywel-Jones, Houbraken & Samson 2011

Paecilomyces Bainier 1907

Ref. M. Chen et al., Mycotaxon 114: 25–32. 2011, ‘2010’ (n. sp.). — J. He et al., Mycotaxon 115: 303–310. 2011 (n. sp., multigene).

Paradendryphiopsis M.B. Ellis 1976

Ref. Silvera-Simón et al., Mycotaxon 114: 473–479. 2011, ‘2010’ (n. sp., key).

Paradictyoarthrinium Matsush. 1996

ITS barcode: JN128869 (GUFCC 15514).

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Pleosporales).

Ref. Prabhugaonkar & Bhat, Mycosphere 2: 463–467. 2011 (ITS).

Parascedosporium Gilgado, Gené, Cano & Guarro 2007

Ref. Lackner & de Hoog, IMA Fungus 2, 1: 39–48. 2011 (revis., n. comb., ITS).

Passalora Fr. 1849

Refs. Nakashima et al., Mycoscience 52: 253–259. 2011 (illus.). — Koike et al., IMA Fungus 2, 1: 7–15. 2011 (illus.). — F.Y. Zhai et al., Mycotaxon 116: 447–448. 2011 (n. comb.). — Crous et al., Persoonia 26: 130–131. 2011 (n. sp., rDNA).

Penicillium Link 1809 : Fr.

= Eupenicillium F. Ludw. 1892, fide Houbraken & Samson 2011

Notes — The long expected segregation of the former Penicillium subg. Biverticillium, recognizable by its symmetrical biverticillate conidiophores and lanceolate phialides, into a distinct genus was implemented by Samson et al. (2011), who transferred the accepted species to Talaromyces.

Refs. Houbraken et al., Fung. Diversity 44: 117–133. 2010 (revis. P. citrinum complex, n. spp., multigene). — Barreto et al., Fung. Diversity 49: 23– 33. 2011 (n. sp., P. glabrum complex). — Houbraken et al., IMA Fungus 2, 1: 87–95. 2011 (multigene, P. chrysogenum complex). — Peterson et al., IMA Fungus 2, 2: 121–125. 2011 (n. sp.). — Nonaka et al., Mycoscience 52: 338–343. 2011 (n. sp.). — Houbraken & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 70: 1–51. 2011 (phylogenetic revision). — Houbraken et al., Stud. Mycol. 70: 53–138. 2011 (revis. sect. Citrina, multigene). — Rivera & Seifert, Stud. Mycol. 70: 139–158. 2011 (P. sclerotiorum complex, n. spp., multigene). — Samson et al., Stud. Mycol. 70: 159–184. 2011 (segregation of Talaromyces).

Penidiella Crous & U. Braun 2007

Ref. Crous & Groenewald, Persoonia 26: 70–84. 2011 (n. spp., rDNA).

Periglandula U. Steiner, E. Leistner & Leuchtm. 2011 — Mycologia 103: 1137 (1133–1145, fig. 1–3) / P. ipomoeae U. Steiner, E. Leistner & Leuchtm. 2011

Sterile, with synnema-like growths and chlamydospores.

On living leaves (Ipomoea, Turbina): Neotropical. Two species.

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales). A sterile sister group to Balansia.

Pesotum J.L. Crane & Schokn. 1973

Ref. Grobbelaar et al., Mycoscience 52: 111–118. 2011 (multigene).

Phaeodactylium Agnihothr. 1968

Ref. Y.D. Zhuang et al., Sydowia 63: 125–130. 2011 (n. sp., tabular key).

Phialophora Medlar 1915

Ref. Y.-M. Wu & T.-Y. Zhang, Mycotaxon 115: 251–254. 2011 (n. spp., probably misclassified).

Podosporium Schw. 1832

Ref. Y.D. Zhang et al., Mycotaxon 114: 401–405. 2011, ‘2010’ (n. sp.).

Polythrinciopsis J. Walker 1966 — Austral. J. Bot. 14: 195 (195–200, fig. 1–6, pl. 1) / P. phragmitis J. Walker 1966

CDM: none or clustered cph. SET: none. CPH: unbranched, hyaline or pale brown, or = cgc. CGC: sympodial, refractive scars, hyaline or pale brown. CDA: didymo (phragmo), hyaline or pale brown, single, dry, schizo.

On reeds (Phragmites): Australasia. One species.

Notes — Compare with Fusicladium, Neoramularia, Pseudodidymaria, Polythrincium. The genus was considered a synonym of Polythrincium by Seifert et al. (2011) following earlier opinions, but upon reconsideration, this synonymy seems unlikely.

Pseudoacrodictys W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones 2003

Refs. G.Z. Zhao et al., Mycol. Progr. 10: 67–83. 2011 (spp. from China). — Y.D. Zhang et al., Mycol. Progr. 10: 261–265. 2011 (n. sp., key).

Pseudocercospora Speg. 1910

Ref. Nakashima et al., Mycoscience 52: 253–259. 2011 (n. comb.). — Crous & R.G. Shivas, Persoonia 26: 120–121. 2011 (n. sp., rDNA). — Phengsintham et al., Mycosphere 1: 205–212. 2010 (n. spp.).

Pseudonectria Seaver 1909 — Mycologia 1: 48 (48–49, no illus.) / P. rousseliana (Mont.) Wollenw. 1931 ≡ Nectria rousseliana Mont. 1851 ≡ P. buxi (DC.) Seifert, Gräfenhan & Schroers 2011

CDM: sporodochia or determinate synnemata, pale. SET: hyaline, unbranched, on cdm. CPH: branched or penicillate, hyaline. CGC: phialides, hyaline. CDA: amero, hyaline, slimy, schizo.

On leaves and twigs (Buxus): Europe, North America. One species.

Notes — Anamorphic and/or teleomorphic Ascomycota (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales). Compare with Volutella.

Refs. (mostly as Volutella): Bezerra, Acta Bot. Neerl. 12: 58–63. 1963 (teleomorph). — Rossman et al., Mycologia 85: 685–704. 1993 (teleomorph). — Rossman et al., Stud. Mycol. 42: 161–164. 1999 (revis. teleomorphs). — Gräfenhan et al., Stud. Mycol. 68: 79–113. 2011 (revis., n. combs, multigene).

Pseudopassalora Crous 2011 — Persoonia 27: 41 (41–42, fig. 23) / P. gouriqua Crous 2011

CDM: none. SET: none. CPH unbranched, hyaline, or = cgc. CGC: mono- or polyblastic, hyaline. CDA: amero, brown, single, dry, schizo.

On leaves (Protea): Africa. One species. LSU: JN712565.

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Pleosporales). Compare with Agrabeeja, Fusicladium, Passalora, Xiphomyces.

Pseudospiropes M.B. Ellis 1971

Ref. Jian Ma et al., Nova Hedwigia 93: 465–473. 2011 (n. sp., key).

Pseudovirgaria H.D. Shin, U. Braun, Arzanlou & Crous 2007

Ref. Braun et al., IMA Fungus 2, 1: 65–69. 2011 (n. comb., ITS).

Purpureocillium Luangsa-ard, Hywel-Jones, Houbraken & Samson 2011 — FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 321: 144 (131–149, fig. 3) / P. lilacinum (Thom) Luangsa-ard, Houbraken, Hywel-Jones & Samson 2011 ≡ Penicillium lilacinum Thom 1910

= Paecillium Luangsa-ard, Hywel-Jones & Samson (listed in Domsch et al. 2007), nom. nud.

CDM: none. SET: none. CPH: verticillate or penicillate, hyaline. CGC: phialides, hyaline. CDA: amero, hyaline, in basipetal chains, dry, schizo.

In soil, on animals (humans, nematodes, insects) and other substrates: Cosmopolitan. One named species. ITS barcode: AY624189.

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales). Compare with Nomuraea, Paecilomyces.

Refs. (all as Paecilomyces lilacinus): Samson, Stud. Mycol. 6: 1–119. 1974 (monogr.). — Bissett, Fungi Canadenses, no. 156. 1979 (illus.). — de Hoog & Guarro, Atlas clin. Fungi, pp. 576–577. 1995; 2nd ed., pp. 794–809. 2001 (medically important spp.). — Tigano-Milani et al., Microbiology 141: 239–245. 1995 (tRNA fingerprinting). — Inglis & Tigano, Genet. Mol. Biol. 29: 132–136. 2006 (ITS). — Atkins et al., FEMS Ecol. 51: 257–264. 2006 (real-time PCR). — Domsch et al., Compendium of Soil Fungi, 2nd ed., pp. 322–323. 2007 (docum., as Paecillium). — Sung et al., Stud. Mycol. 57: 1–63. 2007 (multigene).

Pyricularia Sacc. 1880

Ref. McKenzie et al., Mycosphere 1: 223–228. 2010 (n. sp., ITS).

Pyriculariopsis M.B. Ellis 1971

Ref. Soares et al., Mycol. Progr. 10: 315–321. 2011 (n. sp.).

Pyrigemmula D. Magyar & R. Shoemaker 2011 — Mycol. Progr. 10: 309 (307–314, fig. 2–4) / P. aurantiaca D. Magyar & R. Shoemaker 2011

CDM: none. SET: none. CPH unbranched, hyaline, or = cgc. CGC: mono, pore, brown. CDA: phragmo, disto, brown, single, dry, schizo.

On branches (Acer, Betula, Elaeagnus, Fagus, Vitis) and plant exudates: Europe. One species. ITS barcode: HM241692.

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales). Compare with Bactrodesmiastrum, Janetia, Murogenella, Phragmospathula.

Rachicladosporium Crous, U. Braun & C.F. Hill 2007

Ref. Crous & Quaedvlieg, Persoonia 26: 132–133. 2011 (n. sp., rDNA).

Racodium Fr. 1829 : Fr.

Ref. Hawksworth et al., IMA Fungus 2, 1: 71–79. 2011 (nomenclature).

Ramichloridium Stahel 1937 ex de Hoog 1977

Ref. Shivas et al., Australas. Pl. Pathol. 40: 61–65. 2011 (n. sp.).

Ramularia Unger 1833

Refs. Crous et al., Persoonia 27: 20–45. 2011 (n. spp., rDNA). — Koike et al., IMA Fungus 2, 1: 7–15. 2011 (illus.).

Repetophragma Subram. 1992

Ref. Silvera-Simón et al., Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 66 S1: 33–39. 2009 (n. sp., key). — Castañeda et al., Mycosphere 2, 3: 273–289. 2011 (n. sp., n. combs., key).

Rhexoacrodictys W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones 2011

Ref. G.Z. Zhao et al., Mycol. Progr. 10: 67–83. 2011 (spp. from China).

Sarcinella Sacc. 1877

Ref. Hosagoudar, Plant Pathol. Quarant. 1, 2: 131–204. 2011 (n. sp., spp. in India, new family). — Hosagoudar & Riju, Mycosphere 2: 157–160. 2011 (n. sp.).

Sarocladium W. Gams & D. Hawksw. 1976

Notes — This genus was redefined by Summerbell et al. (2011) to incorporate Acremonium strictum and other well-known species.

Ref. Summerbell et al., Stud. Mycol. 68: 139–162. 2011 (revis., n. combs., LSU, SSU).

Scleroramularia Batzer & Crous 2011 — Fung. Diversity 46: 58 (53–66, fig. 1b, 8) / S. pomigena Batzer & Crous 2011

CDM: none. SET: none. CPH = CGC: sympodial, hyaline. CDA: amero, didymo or phragmo, hyaline, in branched acropetal chains, dry, schizo. OTHER: sclerotia in vitro.

On fruit (Asimina, Malus): Asia, Europe, North America. Five species. ITS barcode: FR716682.

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (between Pleosporales and Botryosphaeriales). Distinguished from Ramularia by the formation of sclerotia and longer chains of conidia.

Scytalidium Pesante 1956

Refs. H.-J. Kang et al., Mycologia 102: 1167–1184. 2010 (n. sp., n. combs, teleomorph: Xylogone). — Y.M. Wu & T.Y. Zhang, Mycotaxon 114: 205–210. 2011, ‘2010’ (n. spp.).

Sinomyces Yong Wang bis & X.G. Zhang 2011 — Fungal Biol. 115: 192 (188–195, fig. 2, 3) / S. fusoideus Yong Wang bis & X.G. Zhang 2011

CDM: none. SET: none. CPH: unbranched or sparingly branched, brown, ?or = cgc. CGC: ?mono- or ?polytretic, sympodial, geniculate, brown. CDA: phragmo, brown, single, dry, schizo.

On leaves and seeds (Daucus, Tamarix): Asia, North America. Three species.

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Pleosporaceae, Pleosporales). Segregated from Ulocladium after molecular phylogenetic analysis, but paraphyly of Alternaria was not resolved.

Spicellum Nicot & Roquebert 1976

= Trichothecium Link 1809 : Fr., fide Summerbell et al. 2011

Spiroplana Voglmayr, M.J. Park & H.D. Shin 2011 — Mycotaxon 116: 208 (203–216, fig. 2, 3) / S. centripeta Voglmayr, M.J. Park & H.D. Shin 2011

CDM: none. SET: none. CPH: unbranched or sparingly branched, (sub)hyaline. CGC: monoblastic, hyaline. CDA: bulbils, clathroid, with helical primary and secondary branches coiling inward, hyaline, single, dry, schizo.

On leaves (Deutzia, Philadelphus): Asia. Two species. ITS barcode: HQ696660.

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Pleosporales). Compare with Clathrosporium, Dendroclathra, Illosporiopsis, Spirosphaera.

Stachybotrys Corda 1837

Refs. Y.M. Wu & T.Y. Zhang, Mycotaxon 114: 459–462. 2011, ‘2010’ (n. spp.). — Q.R. Li & Y.L. Jiang, Mycotaxon 115: 171–173. 2011 (n. sp.). — D.W. Li, Mycotaxon 115: 239–250. 2011 (n. sp.).

Stemphylium Wallr. 1833

Ref. Y.F. Pei et al., Mycol. Progr. 10: 163–173. 2011 (n. spp., multigene).

Stylonectria Höhn. 1884 — Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl., Abt. 1, 124: 52 (52–53, no illus.) / S. applanata Höhn. 1915

CDM: none or sporodochia, pale. SET: none. CPH: unbranched or sparingly branched, hyaline. CGC: phialides, hyaline. CDA: amero or didymo, hyaline, falcate (with foot-shaped basal cell), slimy, schizo. OTHER: sparse amero microconidia.

On fungi (ascomycete stromata, e.g. Diatrype, Hapalocystis, Melogramma) on trees (Betula, Carpinus, Corylus, Ulmus): Europe, North America. Four species.

Notes — Anamorphic and/or teleomorphic Ascomycota (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales). Compare with Fusarium, Cyanonectria, Dialonectria, Geejayessia, Macroconia, Microcera, Stylonectria. This genus was reintroduced by Gräfenhan et al. (2011) for some species formerly included in either Nectria subg. Dialonectria or Cosmospora and their fusarium-like anamorphs.

Refs. (mostly as Fusarium or Cosmospora): Wollenweber & Reinking, Die Fusarien, Paul Parey, Berlin. 1935 (monogr., in German). — Gerlach & Nirenberg, Mitt. Biol. Bundesanst. Ld-u. Forstw. 209: 1–406. 1982 (pictorial atlas). — Samuels et al., Mycol. Pap. 164: 1–48. 1991 (revis. as Nectria subgen. Dialonectria). — Samuels et al., Hypocreales of the SE United States, p. 108. 2006 (illus.). — Gräfenhan et al., Stud. Mycol. 68: 79–113. 2011 (revis., n. name, n. combs, multigene).

Taeniolella S. Hughes 1958

Ref. Zelski et al., Mycosphere 2: 593–600. 2011 (teleomorph: Chaetorostrum).

Taifanglania Z.Q. Liang, Y.F. Han, H.L. Chu & R.T.V. Fox 2009

Ref. Y.F. Han & Z.Q. Liang, Mycotaxon 112: 325–333. 2010 (n. spp.).

Talaromyces C.R. Benj. 1955 — Mycologia 47: 681 (681–685, no illus.) / T. vermiculatus (P.A. Dang.) C.R. Benj. 1955 ≡ Penicillium vermiculatum P.A Dang. 1907 = Talaromyces flavus (Klöcker) Stolk & Samson 1972

= Penicillium subg. Biverticillium Dierckx apud Biourge Cellule 33: 31. 1923.

Notes — Anamorphic and/or teleomorphic Ascomycota (Trichocomaceae, Eurotiales). We refer the reader to the monographs of Penicillium sensu lato in the Dictionary of Seifert et al. (2011), and to the section on teleomorphic species assigned to Talaromyces in the Penicillium entry.

Ref. Samson et al., Stud. Mycol. 70: 159–184. 2011 (revis., n. combs., typification).

Thielaviopsis Went 1893

Refs. Van Wyk et al., Fung. Diversity 46: 111–131. 2010 (n. spp.). — Nonaka et al., Mycoscience 52: 338–343. 2011 (n. sp. as Ceratocystis).

Thozetella Kuntze 1891

Ref. Barbosa et al., Mycotaxon 115: 327–334. 2011 (n. sp., key).

Toxicocladosporium Crous & U. Braun 2007

Ref. Crous & Groenewald, Persoonia 26: 70–84. 2011 (n. sp., rDNA).

Trichoderma Pers. 1794 : Fr.

Refs. Sadfi-Zouaoui et al., Canad. J. Microbiol. 55: 154–162. 2009 (spp. in Tunisia). — H.Q. Wu et al., Mycosystema 28: 342–348. 2009 (n. sp.). — De Respinis et al., Mycol. Progr. 9: 79–100. 2010 (chemotaxonomy, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry). — Chaverri et al., Mycologia 103: 139–151. 2011 (n. sp., multigene). — Jaklitsch, Fung. Diversity 48: 1–250. 2011 (monogr., European spp. Hypocrea, spp. with hyaline ascospores).

Trichosporonoides Haskins & J.F.T. Spencer 1967

= Moniliella Stolk & Dakin 1966, fide Rosa et al. 2009

Trichothecium Link 1809 : Fr.

= Spicellum Nicot & Roquebert 1976, fide Summerbell et al. 2011

Ref. Summerbell et al., Stud. Mycol. 68: 139–162. 2011 (revis., n. combs., LSU).

Ulocladium Preuss 1851

Ref. Y. Wang et al., Mycol. Progr. 8: 207–214. 2009 (n. sp., multigene).

Uncispora R.C. Sinclair & Morgan-Jones 1979

Ref. G.Z. Yang et al., Mycotaxon 116: 171–174. 2011 (n. sp.).

Utrechtiana Crous & Quaedvlieg 2011 — Persoonia 26: 153 (152–153, illus.) / U. cibiessia Crous & Quaedvlieg 2011 = Deightoniella roumeguerei (Cavara) Constant. 1983

= Deightoniella S. Hughes 1952, fide Mel’nik, Constantinescu, pers. comm. to WG

Venustosynnema R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. 1990

Ref. Castañeda et al., Mycotaxon 109: 275–288. 2009 (n. sp.)

Xanthoriicola D. Hawksw. 1973

Notes — Anamorphic Ascomycota (Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales).

Ref. Ruibal et al., IMA Fungus 2, 1: 97–103. 2011 (LSU).

Xenopolyscytalum Crous 2010

= Sphaeridium candidum Fuckel 1870, fide Seifert

Xylocladium P. Syd. 1900

Ref. Y.M. Ju et al., Mycologia 103: 424–430. 2011 (n. sp. as teleomorph: Xylaria, multigene).

Xylomyces Goos, R.D. Brooks & Lamore 1977 / X. chlamydosporis Goos, R.D. Brooks & Lamore 1977 = Xylomyces anamorph of Jahnula aquatica (Kirschst.) Kirschst. 1936

Teleomorph. Jahnula, fide Sivichai et al. 2011.

Ref. Sivichai et al., Mycotaxon 116: 137–142. 2011 (teleomorph: Jahnula).

Zygosporium Mont. 1842

Ref. Manimohan & Mannethody, Mycosphere 2: 219–222. 2011 (n. sp.).