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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011 Sep 29;402(1):325–335. doi: 10.1007/s00216-011-5415-3

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Hydrodynamic focusing to confine a conducting stream. a) Microchannel cross-section indicating the focused stream over a platinum electrode on glass slide. b) Partial side view of microchannel (not drawn to scale) indicating direction of sheath, sample, and outlet flows during hydrodynamic focusing. Flow focusing is used to increase sensitivity to specifically bound cells or particles between the impedance sensing electrodes. c) Finite element analysis simulations in COMSOL of flow-rate ratios. d) Confocal microscopy images of sample stream (water with rhodamine dye) under varying flow-rate ratios (in µL/min). e) Theoretical and experimental impedance change with increased focusing [22]