Table 2.

Age-adjusted and multivariable adjusted rate ratios for various risk factors for exfoliation glaucoma

Demographic and Personal Characteristics		%	RR, multivariablea (95% CI)
Age	40–55 years	33.0	1.00 (reference)
	55–60 years	18.9	4.33 (2.19, 8.56)
	60–65 years	18.6	10.43 (5.50, 19.78)
	65–70 years	14.6	19.88 (10.41, 37.96)
	70–75 years	9.2	33.54 (17.23, 65.29)
	75+ years	5.6	46.22 (22.77, 93.80)
Family History of Glaucoma	No history	87.0	1.00 (reference)
	History	13.0	2.29 (1.39, 3.78)
Race	Otherb	73.2	1.00 (reference)
	Southern European	18.5	0.98 (0.56, 1.72)
	Scandinavian	8.3	0.75 (0.48, 1.17)
Eye colorc	Blue/light	34.3	1.00 (reference)
	Hazel/green/medium	31.6	0.87 (0.43, 1.74)
	Brown/dark	34.1	0.84 (0.42, 1.68)
Gender	Female	73.2	1.00 (reference)
	Male	26.8	0.32 (0.23, 0.46)
Residence
I) Latitude tier of current residenced	Northern	35.3	1.00 (reference)
	Middle	45.2	0.59 (0.47, 0.75)
	Southern	19.4	0.51 (0.37, 0.69)
II) Latitude tier of residence at birthe	Northern tier	41.1	1.00 (reference)
	Middle tier	49.0	1.19 (0.73, 1.94)
	Southern tier	9.9	1.16 (0.49, 2.71)
at age 15e	Northern tier	40.5	1.00 (reference)
	Middle tier	48.9	0.55 (0.32, 0.94)
	Southern tier	10.6	0.40 (0.16, 0.99)
at age 25e	Northern tier	37.6	1.00 (reference)
	Middle tier	47.9	1.02 (0.67,1.54)
	Southern tier	14.5	1.00 (0.60, 1.68)
at current residencee	Northern tier	35.3	1.00 (reference)
	Middle tier	45.2	0.76 (0.53, 1.10)
	Southern tier	19.4	0.67 (0.45, 0.98)
III) Latitude tier of cumulative life residential historyf	Northern tier only	30.7	1.00 (reference)
	Northern or Middle	14.3	0.81 (0.53, 1.24)
	Middle tier only	38.6	0.53 (0.40, 0.71)
	Middle or Southern	9.7	0.47 (0.28, 0.77)
	Southern tier only	6.6	0.25 (0.09, 0.71)

^aRR: Rate Ratio; 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval. Multivariable rate ratios were derived from models with age, race, geographical tier, family history of glaucoma, high cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, body mass index and history of myocardial infarction.

^bThis category includes other Caucasian-Americans, African-Americans, Asian-Americans and other races

^cEye color was only available for HPFS; n/a = not available; this result was from models adjusting for the same covariates as in footnote¹.

^dSee footnote¹in Table 2 for definition of geographic tier.

^eMultivariable rate ratios are adjusted for age, race, geographical tier, family history of glaucoma, hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, history of myocardial infarction, residence at birth, residence at age 15, residence at age 25 and current residence. See footnote¹in Table 2 for definition of latitude tier.

^fMultivariable rate ratios are adjusted for age, race, geographical tier, family history of glaucoma, hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, history of myocardial infarction. Cumulative life residential history was determined among those with complete information residence at birth, at age 15, at age 25/30, at 1976 for NHS or 1986 for HPFS and all intervening questionnaires including the most recent residence. For Northern tier only/Middle tier only/Southern tier only categories, all of the available residence information from birth to the period at risk were consistently in the same tier; Northern or Middle refers to residence from birth to the current residence that migrated only between the Northern and Middle tiers; Middle or Southern refers to residence from birth to the current residence that migrated only between the Middle and Southern tier