Table 3. Potential volatile marker metabolites found in the urinary volatile composition of the four groups by total significance of one-way ANOVA and LSD post-hoc test for multiple comparisons.

	Meana values of peak areas (n=3)							One-way significance
Metabolites	Colon (A)	%Changeb	Lymphoma (B)	%Change	Leukaemia (D)	%Change	Control (E)	F	P-valuec	LSD (multiple comparison test)
Hexanal	101 409	−54.6	125 271	−44.0	195 841	−12.4	223 543	4.531	0.002	A–E (P=0.016)
Heptanal	17 866	−62.3	89 807	89.6	NF	NF	47 370	4.084	0.024	A–E (P=0.045)
2-Methyl-3-phenyl-2-propenal	299 264	148.3	653 443	442.2	144 933	20.2	120 528	5.515	0.001	A–B (P=0.012)
										B–D (P<0.001)
										B–E (P<0.001)
3-Heptanone	NF	NF	566 713	684.9	NF	NF	72 205	16.490	<0.001	B–E (P=0.002)
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene	82 898	99.2	57 260	37.6	66 229	59.1	41 623	3.124	0.032	A–E (P=0.006)
p-Cymene	1743 047	210.2	1 320 992	135.1	858 328	52.8	561 906	2.741	0.050	A–E (P=0.009)
Anisole	568 939	834.5	14 948	−75.4	144 401	137.2	60 881	23.088	<0.001	A–D (P<0.001)
										A–E ( P<0.001)
γ-Terpinene	499 986	187.2	91 305	−47.5	88 595	−49.1	174 078	4.041	0.012	A–D (P=0.004)
										A–E (P=0.022)
Bornylene	73 702	374.3	3998	−74.3	35 962	131.4	15 540	3.131	0.047	A–D (P=0.026)
										A–E (P=0.009)
Dimethyl disulphide	3 246 008	−52.9	3 789 218	−45.0	3 496 595	−49.3	6 892 194	4.667	0.005	A–E (P=0.006)
										D–E (P=0.008)
2-Methoxythiophene	282 352	14.1	2 767 00	11.9	401 862	62.4	247 376	5.211	0.003	D–E (P=0.005)
4-Methyl-phenol	3 730 154	216.5	1 660 457	40.9	2 232 899	89.4	1178 693	3.776	0.014	A–E (P=0.006)
1-Octanol	64 089	−28.8	124 984	38.9	136 895	52.2	89 968	3.562	0.019	A–D (P=0.002)
										D–E (P=0.021)
1,2-Dihydro-1,1, 6-trimethyl-naphthalene	2 092 233	189.0	760 528	5.1	1 316 780	81.9	723 911	3.571	0.018	A–E (P=0.002)
1,4,5-Trimethyl-naphthalene	75 610	131.7	51 364	57.4	37 398	14.6	32 634	4.136	0.011	A–D (P=0.006)
										A–E (P=0.002)
2,7-Dimethyl-quinoline	326 614	268.1	113 090	27.5	85 692	−3.4	88 718	5.697	0.002	A–D (P=0.002)
										A–E (P=0.001)

Abbreviations: ANOVA= analysis of variance; LSD= least significant difference; NF= not found; r.s.d.= relative standard deviation.

^aAverage value from three replicates; r.s.d. lower than 20%.

^bPercentage change of cancer from normal, calculated from the arithmetic mean values of each group. Positive and negative percentages indicate higher levels of metabolites in cancer patients and healthy subjects, respectively.

^cStatistical P-value calculated using the LSD test (significance at P<0.05).