Table 2.
Relative risk ratios from multinomial logistic regressions of constant and postpartum smoking compared to non-smoking
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constant | Postpartum | Constant | Postpartum | Constant | Postpartum | Constant | Postpartum | Constant | Postpartum | |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||||||
| Mother’s race/ethnicity (ref = Non-Hispanic White) | ||||||||||
| US-born Mexican | 0.15*** | 0.61* | 0.10*** | 0.49** | ||||||
| Foreign-born Mexican | 0.01*** | 0.10*** | 0.01*** | 0.13*** | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.30*** | 0.40*** | 0.22*** | 0.36*** | ||||||
| Other Hispanic | 0.17*** | 0.62* | 0.14*** | 0.59** | ||||||
| Mother’s education (ref = some college or higher) | ||||||||||
| Less than high school | 4.15*** | 2.33* | 2.88*** | 1.66** | ||||||
| High school | 2.29*** | 1.51** | 1.74*** | 1.22 | ||||||
| Poverty (ref = >300%) | ||||||||||
| <100% poverty | 2.82*** | 1.84** | 1.16 | 1.29 | ||||||
| 100–300% | 2.30*** | 2.01*** | 1.18 | 1.43 | ||||||
| Health care | ||||||||||
| Prenatal care late or none | 1.62*** | 1.53** | 1.50** | 1.30 | ||||||
| Public or no health insurance | 2.17*** | 1.37* | 1.41* | 1.14 | ||||||
| Life course and health | ||||||||||
| Mother <25 years old | 1.12 | 1.82*** | 0.54*** | 1.21 | ||||||
| First birth | 0.67*** | 1.08 | 0.79*** | 1.27 | ||||||
| Mental health problem | 1.80*** | 1.55*** | 1.80*** | 1.53** | ||||||
| Parenting stress | 1.26* | 1.11 | 1.01 | 1.10 | ||||||
| Breastfed at least 5 months | 0.28*** | 0.61** | 0.41*** | 0.72* | ||||||
| Partner and social support | ||||||||||
| Parent’s relationship status (ref = married) | ||||||||||
| Cohabiting | 2.89*** | 1.48* | 3.54*** | 1.29 | ||||||
| Visiting | 2.97*** | 1.51* | 3.68*** | 1.30 | ||||||
| Friends/unknown | 3.89*** | 1.23 | 4.55*** | 1.01 | ||||||
| Father’s smoking status (ref = doesn’t smoke) | ||||||||||
| Father smokes | 4.64*** | 3.83*** | 3.92*** | 3.46*** | ||||||
| Father’s information missing | 1.78*** | 1.67* | 1.56* | 1.61* | ||||||
| Religious attendance (ref = 1+/week) | ||||||||||
| <1/week | 1.50*** | 1.51** | 1.28 | 1.33 | ||||||
| Never attends | 2.22*** | 1.60* | 1.65** | 1.25 | ||||||
| Father suggested abortion | 1.17 | 0.93 | 1.25 | 0.91 | ||||||
| Observations | 3522 | 3522 | 3522 | 3522 | 3522 | |||||
Models 1 through 5 represent four separate regression equations for each set of variables in our model and a final full model which includes all the variables
Source: Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study
* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001 (two-tailed tests)