TABLE 2.
Four-way analysis on depressives symptoms and optimism outcome scores at 40 mo of follow-up in patients with coronary heart disease assigned to receive EPA-DHA plus ALA compared with placebo, EPA-DHA compared with placebo, and ALA compared with placebo1
| EPA-DHA and ALA |
EPA-DHA |
ALA |
Placebo (reference) |
||||||||
| Assessment scale at 40 mo | n | Value | P2 | n | Value | P2 | n | Value | P2 | n | Value |
| Depressive symptoms score (GDS-15) | |||||||||||
| Median (IQR) | 1009 | 1 (0–3) | 0.49 | 1007 | 1 (0–3) | 0.24 | 1022 | 1 (0–3) | 0.26 | 1030 | 2 (0–3) |
| Mean3 | 1009 | 1.43 (1.33, 1.53) | 0.57 | 1007 | 1.39 (1.29, 1.49) | 0.28 | 1022 | 1.39 (1.29, 1.49) | 0.29 | 1030 | 1.47 (1.37, 1.58) |
| Adjusted mean34 | 984 | 1.41 (1.32, 1.50) | 0.51 | 991 | 1.40 (1.31, 1.49) | 0.41 | 993 | 1.40 (1.31, 1.49) | 0.40 | 1010 | 1.45 (1.36, 1.55) |
| Severe depressive symptoms5 | |||||||||||
| n (%) | 1009 | 14 (1.4) | 1007 | 15 (1.5) | 1022 | 17 (1.7) | 1030 | 13 (1.3) | |||
| Crude OR (95% CI) | 1009 | 1.10 (0.52, 2.35) | 0.80 | 1007 | 1.18 (0.56, 2.50) | 0.66 | 1022 | 1.32 (0.64, 2.74) | 0.45 | 1030 | 1.0 (ref) |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI)4 | 984 | 1.00 (0.45, 2.21) | 0.99 | 991 | 1.29 (0.60, 2.78) | 0.51 | 993 | 1.40 (0.66, 2.97) | 0.38 | 1010 | 1.0 (ref) |
| Dispositional optimism score (4Q) | |||||||||||
| Median (IQR) | 1014 | 7 (5–8) | 0.15 | 1006 | 7 (6–8) | 0.18 | 1030 | 7 (6–8) | 0.35 | 1034 | 7 (5–8) |
| Mean3 | 1014 | 6.80 (6.72, 6.88) | 0.15 | 1006 | 6.78 (6.70, 6.87) | 0.26 | 1030 | 6.77 (6.68, 6.85) | 0.41 | 1034 | 6.72 (6.63, 6.80) |
| Adjusted mean34 | 990 | 6.82 (6.74, 6.89) | 0.40 | 992 | 6.79 (6.70, 6.86) | 0.07 | 999 | 6.76 (6.68, 6.84) | 0.21 | 1014 | 6.71 (6.63, 6.79) |
| Dispositional optimism score (LOT-R) | |||||||||||
| Median (IQR) | 1007 | 14 (12–16) | 0.50 | 1001 | 14 (12–17) | 0.050 | 1023 | 14 (12–16) | 0.68 | 1028 | 14 (12–16) |
| Mean3 | 1007 | 14.4 (14.2, 14.6) | 0.48 | 1001 | 14.6 (14.4, 14.7) | 0.09 | 1023 | 14.4 (14.2, 14.5) | 0.76 | 1028 | 14.3 (14.1, 14.5) |
| Adjusted mean34 | 983 | 14.4 (14.2, 14.6) | 0.46 | 988 | 14.6 (14.4, 14.8) | 0.051 | 993 | 14.4 (14.2, 14.6) | 0.70 | 1009 | 14.3 (14.1, 14.5) |
Because of some incomplete questionnaires among the 4116 participants, data were available for 4068 (98.8%) subjects for the GDS-15, for 4084 (99.2%) for the 4Q, and for 4059 (98.6%) for the LOT-R in unadjusted analyses. ALA, α-linolenic acid; GDS-15, Geriatric Depression Scale; LOT-R, Life Orientation Test–Revised; ref, reference; 4Q, 4-item optimism questionnaire.
Nonparametric Mann-Whitney test, ANOVA for 2 independent samples, or logistic regression analysis was used to determine significance as compared with the placebo group (ie, reference group).
Values are back-transformed geometric means; 95% CIs of the mean in parentheses.
Adjusted for age, sex, education (4 categories), marital status, self-rated health (3 categories), smoking status (3 categories), alcohol use, physical activity (3 categories), family history of depression, antidepressant use, and use of any psychotropic drug (by ANCOVA or logistic regression analysis, when appropriate).
Severe depressive symptoms was defined as a GDS-15 score >10 at 40 mo.