TABLE 3.

Changes in depressive symptoms and optimism outcome scores at baseline and at 40-mo follow-up in 632 patients with coronary heart disease assigned to receive EPA-DHA plus ALA compared with placebo, EPA-DHA compared with placebo, and ALA compared with placebo¹

	EPA-DHA plus ALA (n = 165)		EPA-DHA (n = 141)		ALA (n = 159)		Placebo (reference) (n = 167)
Assessment scale	Estimate	P2	Estimate	P2	Estimate	P2	Estimate
Depressive symptoms score (GDS-15)
Baseline	1 (0–3)3		1 (0–2)		1 (0–3)		1 (0–3)
40 mo	1 (0–3)		1 (0–3)		1 (0–3)		1 (0–3)
Change	0.19 (–0.13, 0.50)4	0.37	0.32 (0.02, 0.61)	0.23	0.12 (–0.23, 0.48)	0.59	0.04 (–0.24, 0.31)
Dispositional optimism score (4Q)
Baseline	7 (6–8)		7 (6–8)		7 (6–8)		7 (6–8)
40 mo	7 (6–8)		7 (6–8)		7 (6–8)		7 (6–8)
Change	−0.04 (–0.26, 0.19)	0.94	−0.33 (–0.58, –0.07)	0.12	−0.10 (–0.34, 0.14)	0.75	−0.03 (–0.23, 0.18)
Dispositional optimism score (LOT-R)
Baseline	15 (13–7)		15 (13–17)		15 (13–17)		15 (12–17)
40 mo	14 (12–16)		14 (12–16)		15 (12–16)		14 (12–16)
Change	−0.53 (–0.98, –0.07)	0.12	0.04 (–0.45, 0.53)	0.92	−0.21 (–0.66, 0.25)	0.49	−0.08 (–0.49, 0.34)

¹The 632 patients with complete data on all 3 questionnaires at both time points were included in the analyses. Scores of the GDS-15 ranged from 0 to 15, with ≥5 consistent with moderate to severe levels of depressive symptoms and a diagnosis of depression. Scores of the 4Q ranged from 0 to 8 and of the LOT-R ranged from 0 to 24, with higher scores indicating higher levels of optimism. ALA, α-linolenic acid; GDS-15, Geriatric Depression Scale; LOT-R, Life Orientation Test–Revised; 4Q, 4-item optimism questionnaire; 95% CI, 95% CI of the mean.

²ANCOVA was used to determine significance compared with the placebo group, with adjustment for baseline covariates.

³Median; IQR in parentheses (all such values).

⁴Mean; 95% CIs in parentheses (all such values).