TABLE 4.
Relation between dietary choline intake and individual adjusted mean (2-sided 95% CI) neuropsychological measures of significant neuropsychological measure factors at exam 71
| Choline intake quartile | ||||||
| Domain-specific factors | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Average change (95% CI) across quartiles | P value2 |
| Verbal memory | ||||||
| Immediate recall3 | 11.0 (10.6, 11.4) | 11.5 (11.2, 11.8) | 11.7 (11.4, 12.0) | 11.9 (11.4, 12.2) | 0.28 (0.05, 0.51) | 0.02 |
| Delayed recall4 | 10.1 (9.7, 10.4) | 10.6 (10.3, 11.0) | 10.8 (10.5, 11.2) | 11.0 (10.6, 11.4) | 0.30 (0.13, 0.46) | <0.01 |
| Visual memory | ||||||
| Immediate recall5 | 8.8 (8.4, 9.1) | 8.9 (8.6, 9.2) | 9.3 (9.0, 9.6) | 9.4 (9.1, 9.8) | 0.25 (0.05, 0.45) | 0.01 |
| Delayed recall5 | 7.8 (7.4, 8.2) | 8.1 (7.8, 8.4) | 8.5 (8.2, 8.8) | 8.5 (8.1, 8.9) | 0.26 (0.05, 0.47) | 0.01 |
| Verbal learning | ||||||
| Immediate recall6 | 13.8 (13.5, 14.2) | 13.9 (13.6, 14.2) | 14.1 (13.8, 14.4) | 13.9 (13.6, 14.3) | 0.05 (−0.12, 0.23) | 0.55 |
| Delayed recall6 | 8.3 (8.2, 8.5) | 8.2 (8.1, 8.4) | 8.3 (8.2, 8.5) | 8.4 (8.2, 8.6) | 0.04 (−0.04, 0.11) | 0.38 |
| Executive function | ||||||
| Trail Making Test A7 | 0.57 (0.54, 0.59) | 0.54 (0.52, 0.56) | 0.53 (0.51, 0.55) | 0.52 (0.50, 0.55) | −0.01 (−0.03, 0.00) | 0.05 |
| Trail making Test B8 | 1.37 (1.31, 1.43) | 1.34 (1.28, 1.40) | 1.31 (1.25, 1.37) | 1.33 (1.27, 1.39) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.01) | 0.32 |
Data derived from the final multivariate linear regression model. Candidates for entry included age, sex, education, BMI, apolipoprotein E, Wide Range Achievement Test, the Framingham Stroke Risk Profile, and intakes of total energy, saturated fat, vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6, and homocysteine.
P value is based on a linear regression of continuous item score compared with continuous natural log-transformed choline. Significance indicated at P ≤ 0.05.
Adjusted for age, sex, education, BMI, energy and saturated fat intakes, and Wide Range Achievement Test.
Adjusted for age, sex, education, BMI, folate intake, apolipoprotein E, and Wide Range Achievement Test.
Adjusted for age, sex, education, energy intake, Framingham Stroke Risk Profile, and Wide Range Achievement Test.
Adjusted for age, sex, saturated fat intake, and Wide Range Achievement Test.
Adjusted for age, sex, education, energy intake, homocysteine concentration, and Framingham Stroke Risk Profile.
Adjusted for age, sex, education, homocysteine concentration, apolipoprotein E, Framingham Stroke Risk Profile, and Wide Range Achievement Test.