TABLE 5.
Multivariate risks for the association between food group intake 10 y before baseline and colorectal cancer in older adulthood in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study (n = 295,845)1
| Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | P-trend2 | |
| Grains3 | ||||||
| Median (times consumed/d) | 0.25 | 0.58 | 0.87 | 1.08 | 2.07 | – |
| Colon cancer (no. of cases) | 566 | 518 | 614 | 524 | 597 | – |
| Rectal cancer (no. of cases) | 172 | 195 | 219 | 181 | 218 | – |
| Colon4 | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.87, 1.10)5 | 1.00 (0.88, 1.13) | 1.10 (0.96, 1.25) | 1.10 (0.96, 1.27) | 0.09 |
| Colon + recent adult intake6 | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.88, 1.12) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.15) | 1.13 (0.99, 1.29) | 1.14 (0.98, 1.31) | 0.05 |
| Rectal4 | 1.00 | 1.19 (0.97, 1.47) | 1.14 (0.92, 1.40) | 1.22 (0.95, 1.55) | 1.22 (0.95, 1.55) | 0.26 |
| Rectal + recent adult intake6 | 1.00 | 1.21 (0.98, 1.49) | 1.16 (0.94, 1.44) | 1.24 (0.98, 1.56) | 1.28 (1.00, 1.64) | 0.12 |
| Vegetables7 | ||||||
| Median (times consumed/d) | 0.53 | 0.99 | 1.42 | 1.98 | 2.85 | – |
| Colon cancer (no. of cases) | 641 | 561 | 518 | 546 | 553 | – |
| Rectal cancer (no. of cases) | 194 | 197 | 201 | 190 | 203 | – |
| Colon4 | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.80, 1.01) | 0.81 (0.72, 0.91) | 0.84 (0.75, 0.95) | 0.87 (0.77, 0.99) | 0.06 |
| Colon + recent adult intake6 | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.81, 1.02) | 0.82 (0.73, 0.93) | 0.86 (0.76, 0.98) | 0.88 (0.77, 1.01) | 0.13 |
| Rectal4 | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.86, 1.29) | 1.06 (0.87, 1.30) | 1.01 (0.82, 1.25) | 1.14 (0.92, 1.42) | 0.33 |
| Rectal + recent adult intake6 | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.85, 1.28) | 1.05 (0.86, 1.29) | 0.99 (0.80, 1.24) | 1.12 (0.88, 1.41) | 0.47 |
| Fruit8 | ||||||
| Median (times consumed/d) | 0.16 | 0.56 | 0.99 | 1.35 | 2.10 | – |
| Colon cancer (no. of cases) | 637 | 550 | 558 | 533 | 541 | – |
| Rectal cancer (no. of cases) | 209 | 208 | 200 | 183 | 185 | – |
| Colon4 | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.79, 0.99) | 0.86 (0.77, 0.97) | 0.80 (0.70, 0.90) | 0.82 (0.72, 0.92) | <0.01 |
| Colon + recent adult intake6 | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.80, 1.01) | 0.89 (0.78, 1.01) | 0.82 (0.72, 0.94) | 0.84 (0.73, 0.97) | 0.02 |
| Rectal4 | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.85, 1.26) | 0.98 (0.81, 1.20) | 0.88 (0.72, 1.08) | 0.91 (0.73, 1.12) | 0.17 |
| Rectal + recent adult intake6 | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.88, 1.31) | 1.05 (0.85, 1.29) | 0.97 (0.77, 1.21) | 1.05 (0.82, 1.34) | 0.96 |
| Milk9 | ||||||
| Median (times consumed/d) | 0.03 | 0.28 | 0.79 | 1.0 | 2.0 | – |
| Colon cancer (no. of cases) | 628 | 660 | 503 | 555 | 473 | – |
| Rectal cancer (no. of cases) | 218 | 227 | 186 | 182 | 172 | – |
| Colon4 | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.76, 0.95) | 0.81 (0.72, 0.92) | 0.73 (0.65, 0.82) | 0.70 (0.61, 0.79) | <0.01 |
| Colon + recent adult intake6 | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.79, 0.99) | 0.87 (0.76, 0.98) | 0.79 (0.69, 0.90) | 0.78 (0.67, 0.90) | <0.01 |
| Rectal4 | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.69, 1.00) | 0.87 (0.71, 1.06) | 0.69 (0.56, 0.85) | 0.74 (0.59, 0.92) | <0.01 |
| Rectal + recent adult intake6 | 1.00 | 0.81 (0.67, 0.99) | 0.85 (0.69, 1.06) | 0.68 (0.54, 0.85) | 0.75 (0.58, 0.96) | 0.05 |
| Red meat10 | ||||||
| Median (times consumed/d) | 0.18 | 0.43 | 0.66 | 0.96 | 1.49 | – |
| Colon cancer (no. of cases) | 516 | 556 | 571 | 552 | 624 | – |
| Rectal cancer (no. of cases) | 174 | 175 | 197 | 209 | 230 | – |
| Colon4 | 1.00 | 1.13 (1.00, 1.28) | 1.17 (1.03, 1.33) | 1.23 (1.08, 1.41) | 1.46 (1.26, 1.69) | <0.01 |
| Colon + recent adult intake6 | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.96, 1.24) | 1.10 (0.96, 1.25) | 1.14 (0.99, 1.31) | 1.31 (1.12, 1.53) | <0.01 |
| Rectal4 | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.81, 1.24) | 1.08 (0.88, 1.34) | 1.21 (0.97, 1.51) | 1.24 (0.97, 1.59) | 0.03 |
| Rectal + recent adult intake6 | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.76, 1.18) | 0.99 (0.79, 1.24) | 1.07 (0.85, 1.36) | 1.06 (0.81, 1.38) | 0.42 |
| Processed meat11 | ||||||
| Median (times consumed/d) | 0.05 | 0.15 | 0.30 | 0.53 | 1.02 | – |
| Colon cancer (no. of cases) | 411 | 576 | 571 | 617 | 644 | – |
| Rectal cancer (no. of cases) | 120 | 201 | 205 | 214 | 245 | – |
| Colon4 | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.90, 1.17) | 1.11 (0.98, 1.27) | 1.24 (1.09, 1.42) | 1.30 (1.13, 1.51) | <0.01 |
| Colon + recent adult intake6 | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.89, 1.16) | 1.09 (0.95, 1.25) | 1.20 (1.04, 1.39) | 1.24 (1.06, 1.45) | <0.01 |
| Rectal4 | 1.00 | 1.19 (0.95, 1.50) | 1.26 (1.00, 1.59) | 1.31 (1.03, 1.66) | 1.40 (1.09, 1.81) | 0.02 |
| Rectal + recent adult intake6 | 1.00 | 1.18 (0.93, 1.49) | 1.21 (0.95, 1.54) | 1.24 (0.96, 1.59) | 1.30 (0.99, 1.70) | 0.16 |
| Solid fat12 | ||||||
| Median (times consumed/d) | 0.08 | 0.50 | 0.79 | 1.00 | 2.00 | – |
| Colon cancer (no. of cases) | 563 | 631 | 521 | 545 | 559 | – |
| Rectal cancer (no. of cases) | 186 | 241 | 176 | 203 | 179 | – |
| Colon4 | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.88, 1.11) | 1.01 (0.89, 1.14) | 0.96 (0.85, 1.09) | 1.05 (0.92, 1.19) | 0.42 |
| Colon + recent adult intake6 | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.87, 1.10) | 0.99 (0.87, 1.12) | 0.94 (0.83, 1.07) | 1.01 (0.89, 1.15) | 0.80 |
| Rectal4 | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.92, 1.36) | 0.99 (0.80, 1.23) | 1.07 (0.87, 1.31) | 0.97 (0.78, 1.21) | 0.52 |
| Rectal + recent adult intake6 | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.88, 1.30) | 0.93 (0.75, 1.15) | 0.99 (0.80, 1.21) | 0.87 (0.69, 1.09) | 0.11 |
| Sweet baked goods13 | ||||||
| Median (times consumed/d) | 0.05 | 0.20 | 0.35 | 0.73 | 1.35 | – |
| Colon cancer (no. of cases) | 636 | 445 | 596 | 578 | 564 | – |
| Rectal cancer (no. of cases) | 228 | 167 | 190 | 203 | 197 | – |
| Colon4 | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.79, 1.01) | 1.04 (0.92, 1.17) | 0.99 (0.88, 1.11) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.15) | 0.47 |
| Colon + recent adult intake6 | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.79, 1.02) | 1.04 (0.93, 1.17) | 0.99 (0.88, 1.12) | 1.01 (0.89, 1.15) | 0.54 |
| Rectal4 | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.76, 1.13) | 0.89 (0.73, 1.07) | 0.92 (0.75, 1.10) | 0.92 (0.75, 1.10) | 0.61 |
| Rectal + recent adult intake6 | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.77, 1.16) | 0.91 (0.74, 1.11) | 0.94 (0.77, 1.15) | 0.93 (0.75, 1.15) | 0.66 |
A greater number of participants completed the food-frequency questionnaire about diet 10 y previously than about diet during ages 12–13 y. Thus, the n values for Tables 4 and 5 are greater than those for Tables 2 and 3.
Linear test for trend derived by using the median value of each quintile.
White bread or rolls, dark bread or rolls (rye, whole grain, whole wheat, and pumpernickel), and pizza.
Adjusted for energy at ages 12–13 y, age at completion of risk-factor questionnaire, sex, BMI, race, education, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking, use of aspirin and ibuprofen, use of hormone replacement therapy, and self-report of a first-degree relative with a history of colon cancer.
HR; 95% CI in parentheses (all such values); calculated by Cox proportional hazard regression models.
Adjusted for energy at ages 12–13 y, energy in recent adulthood, nutrient of interest in recent adulthood, age at completion of risk-factor questionnaire, sex, BMI, race, education, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking, use of aspirin and ibuprofen, use of hormone replacement therapy, and self-report of a first-degree relative with a history of colon cancer.
Broccoli, carrots, baked beans, lettuce salads, fresh tomato, tomato or vegetable soup, and other vegetables, including corn, peas, and green beans.
Fresh apples (not cooked), orange or grapefruit juice, oranges, grapefruit, tangerines, and canned fruit such as peaches, pears, and applesauce.
Whole milk, including on cereals; categories of intake were assigned rather than quintiles because of clustering of intake frequency.
Ground beef, roast beef or steak, cold cuts, bacon or sausage, and hot dogs.
Bacon or sausage, cold cuts, and hot dogs.
Butter and margarine.
Cookies, cake, or donuts.