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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Methods. 2011 Oct 31;16(4):373–390. doi: 10.1037/a0025813

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Average bias for the standard errors (SE) of the three fixed effect estimates (excluding thresholds) across number of outcome categories and cluster size. Notes. Results are plotted for multilevel cumulative logit models; PQL denotes Penalized Quasi-Likelihood and ML denotes Maximum Likelihood with adaptive quadrature. This plot does include linear multilevel model conditions.